Overview of the Indian Economy

Overview of the Indian Economy The Indian economy has shown a remarkable growth after the adoption of liberalization policy. The opening up of the Indian economy in the early 1990s led to increase in industrial output and simultaneously raised the inflation Rate in India. There was an immense pressure on the inflation rate due to the stupendous growth rate of employment and industrial output. The main concern of the Reserve Bank of India (the central bank) and the Ministry of Finance, Government of India was the prevalent and intermittent rise of the inflation rate. Increasing inflation rate could be detrimental to the projected growth of Indian economy. Thus, the Reserve Bank of India was putting checks and measures in various policies so as to put a stop to the rising inflation. The Indian business community and the general public were assured by the central bank that the inflationary rise was harmless but still certain apprehensions existed among them. The pricing disparity of agricultural products between the producer and end-consumer was contributing to the increasing Inflation Rate. Apart from this the steep rise of prices of food products, manufacturing products, and necessities had also catapulted the Inflation Rate. As a result of all this, the Wholesale Prices Index (WPI) of India reached 6.1% and the Cash Reserve Ratio touched 5.5% on 6th January, 2007. The Reserve Bank of India gave top priority to price stability in its recently drafted monetary policy so as to arrest the panic and discomfort amongst the Indian business circles. It also aims to sustain the stupendous rate of economic growth of India. The Reserve Bank of India raised the Cash Reserve Ratio and used it as a tool to arrest the increasing Inflation Rate. Rationalizing the pricing disparity between the producer and the consumer is the only solution to this problem. Only this will ensure inflation stabilization and thus sustainable economic growth of India. From the beginning of FY2008 the Indian economy faced a rise in the prices of vegetables, pulses and other basic food stuffs. All this was accompanied with sharp rise in the prices when the annual policy statement for 2008-09 was unveiled on April 29. Inflation increased steadily during the year, reaching 8.75% by the end of May and in June when this figure jumped to 11% then there was an alarming increase in the prices. There were many reasons for it but one of the main driving forces was reduction in government fuel subsidies, which lifted gasoline prices by an average 10%. Indeed, by July 2008, the key Indian Inflation Rate i.e. the Wholesale Price Index touched the mark of 12.6%, highest rate in past 16 years of the Indian history. This was almost three times the RBIs target of 4.1% and almost doubled as compared to last year. This continuous rise slipped back to 12.4% by mid-August. Since the beginning of 2008 combination of various internal and external factors led to steep domestic inflation and the resultant steps taken to control it in were slowing the pace of expansion. These factors included the marked rise in the international prices of oil, food, and metals, moderating the rate of capital inflows, worsening current and fiscal account deficits, increasing cost of funds, minor depreciation of the Indian rupee against the dollar, and slow growth in industrial economies. The Indian economy was at a critical juncture where policies to contain inflation and ensure macroeconomic stabilization have taken center stage. In the first quarter of FY2008 (i.e. April -June), growth rate of GDP slowed down to 7.9% from 9.2% in the corresponding prior-year quarter, for the slowest expansion in three and a half years. The most remarkable decline was in industry where growth rate fell to 6.9% this was mainly because of cutting in the manufacturing growth rate to 5.6%. The slowdown was widened when agriculture and services sector showed a negligible growth of 1.4% and 0.9% points, below their performances of the year-earlier quarter.Over the medium term, the main objective of the government was to bring down inflation to 3%. The Repo and Reverse Repo Rates remained unchanged whereas Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) was increased by 0.25 percentage points. A survey of manufacturing companies was conducted by the Reserve Bank of India in June 2008 which indicated a moderation in business optimism. This was corroborated by the composite business optimism index for July -September 2008 that was prepared by Dun and Bradstreet, which shows a decline of 11.2% as compared to the previous quarter. In July, the BBB- rating on foreign currency debt was confirmed but downgraded the viewfor Indias long -term local currency debt from stable to negative, with a noticeable deterioration in the fiscal position.Growth of the broad money supply (M3) had to be moderated in the range of 16.5 to 17 per cent. While deposits were scheduled to rise by 17% and non-food credit disbursements by banks will grow at a slow rate of 20% as compared to 22.5% in 2007-08. Credit disbursed by banks last year was less as compared to the previous period. Bank credit had grown by a scorching 30% every year for consecutively three years beginning in 2004-05. The combined budget deficits of the central and state governments have been substantially reduced over the past 5 years. This reflected sincere efforts by the government to adhere to fiscal responsibility legislation. For FY2008, the central Governments deficit is budgeted at 2.5% of GDP and the states at 2.1% (4.6% of GDP on a consolidated basis). The major factors that strengthen the appreciable fiscal consolidation from the base were a wider tax base supported by a buoyant economy and improved compliance. Two main situations that must be overcome before achieving the deficit targets for the FY2008 are: a slowing economy that may limit the revenue buoyancy seen in recent years and continuous pressure by the Central Government to raise the salaries of its employees by 21% (about 0.3% of GDP) in response to recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission. Similar wage increases were announced immediately by half a dozen states and others were following the suit. On the other hand provision for these salary increases was not budgeted. EFFECTS Inflationary pressures in any economy leads to depreciation of its domestic currency. This is what our Indian economy was facing due to the running inflation and as a result Indian rupee depreciated by about 20% since April 2008. Inflation affects- 1.Common man: Inflation effects a common man in different roles such as a consumer: Products such as crude oil, fertilizers, pharmaceutical products, ores and metals, or use imported components such as Personal Computers and laptops are directly imported. Due to depreciation of the Indian Rupee all these goods became very expensive. Components in computers such as processor, hard disk drive and motherboard are also imported. Products such as mouse, keyboard and monitor also witnessed an impact on their prices due to Rupee depreciation. Inflation may rise in an economy when the input costs increase. As an investor: Depreciation of rupee makes imports of various components, capital goods and raw materials more expensive. As inputs and other equipment that are imported get costlier and reducing the profit margins. Companies that import goods in bulk and those with heavy foreign currency borrowings may be marked down in the stock market as the rupee depreciates. As a Wage-earner: During inflation this class of common man suffered a lot because of two reasons- Increase in wages and salaries failed to keep pace with the rising prices. Wages increased during inflation but there is always a time lag between the rise in price and increase in wages. As a result common man looses during the intervening period. Export companies: Due to depreciation of domestic currency exporters receive better prices for their goods and services when sold in foreign markets. Foreign Investors: Depreciation of Indian Rupee reduced the returns that foreign investors used to earn by investing in Indian companies. Depreciation of a currency triggered FII outflows. NRI investors, who previously invested their money in India under various deposit schemes due to high interest rates, started finding those schemes less attractive on account of rupee depreciation. Countrys Balance of Payments: One of the drawbacks of depreciation of Rupee is that exports become cheap in terms of foreign currency and imports become costlier. Current account deficit widened because Indian imports basically constitutes essentials such as crude oil, natural resources and many capital goods. Depreciation of Indian Rupee made the exports more competitive globally and as a result higher exports covered up the trade deficit. Farmers: The prices of the primary commodities such as minerals, diesel oil and fuel, power light and lubricants went up significantly. This disparity affected the agricultural sector in two ways- It had a restrictive effect on investments in farming and affected the production efficiency. On one hand the agricultural commodity prices were falling or stagnant and on the other hand increasing prices of agriculture inputs and other daily life commodities led to deterioration in the living standard of the farmers. Prices paid by the consumer have impacted by the cost of living of the entire value chain, which grows on the inefficient markets and this adds to the final cost of the material. For example, high energy cost itself has contributed to the increase in the cost of inputs required for agriculture besides pushing up the marketing costs of farm products. IT companies: The IT sector is amongst the highest recruiters in the Indian economy and a depreciating rupee spells good news for the sector. Bills for Information Technology companies are basically prepared in dollars or in other foreign currencies. Depreciation of the rupee increased their realizations and bodes well for their margins. The main reason for the good performance in the second quarter of Infosys Technologies and Satyam Computers was the depreciation of the Indian Rupee. An estimate suggests that a 1 per cent depreciation in the rupee expands an IT companys margins by 0.30-0.40 per cent. CONCLUSION Majority of Indias population lies close to the poverty line and inflation acts as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-Poor Mans Tax. More than half of the income of this group is spent on food and this effect is amplified when food prices rise. The dramatic increase in inflation will have economic as well as political implications for the Congress Government, with an election due within a year. Economic growth rate in the emerging markets have slowed down but is far from over. The BRIC countries i.e. Brazil, Russia, India and China alone account for more than 3 billion people and with consumption rate increasing every year. It is expected that the high inflation rates will be there for a long period of time which is worrying news for the Indian Government. Direct regulatory measures such as the reduction in import tariffs were adopted in order relax the supply-side pressures on various agricultural commodities. While adopting the direct measures, the Government realized that the relaxation of supply-side pressures would dampen inflationary expectations by increasing supplies in the commodities market. The RBIs attempt to control excess liquidity in the market byraising the interest rates pushed up real-estate prices as well as the commodity prices, thus fuelling inflation. A closer look at certain commodities would reveal that the prices of sugar and wheat were managed by the Government through various market intervention mechanisms. As a result the physical market’s role in effective price discovery was affected. Trade in the commodities market operated in an asymmetrical information situation from both the supply and demand sides. Hence, market operations could only benefit segments that were privy to the available information. The existing agricultural market ecosystem revolves around the traders and to some extent the producers with no say from side of consumers. Hence, at the end both consumers and producers are often at a loss. Generally, traders keep a heavy margin to compensate for the physical and financial risk involved in carrying the commodity for short as well as long term.

The Life of Karl Marx Essay -- Biography Biographies Karl Marx Essays

The Life of Karl Marx Karl Marx was the co-author of The Communist Manifesto, along with Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto is a pamphlet that was written to let the public know how the working class was being treated, and to try to get rid of the class system that existed at the time. Marx believed that many of the workers throughout England were not being treated fairly and that something needed to be done about it. Marx explains, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.† 1 He continues on to talk about how while looking at human history you ought to not just look at great individuals or great conflicts, but instead look more at social classes and the struggles in which they go through. Karl Marx led a very long and meaningful life that will always be looked at in great light. The Communist Manifesto and Karl Marx greatly impacted change of society throughout the twentieth century. 2 Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier, Rheinish, Prussia. Marx's father, Heinrich, was a lawyer, and his mother was Henriette Pressburg. He was second of eight children. The family was originally Jewish, which it was reported that he was not practicing Jew. Marx's father eventually changed the families religion to Protestant, so as to avoid anti-Semitism. At the age of seventeen he attended the University of Bonn, where he decided to studied law just like his father. Soon enough his father pulled him out of Bonn because of his poor grades and his injury in a duel. After paying off Marx's debts his parents then made him transfer to The University of Berlin. Here he became a little more interested in his studies and also got to know his professors a little better. One of the mos... ...s outlook, relationships both to other men and to physical nature, with which man is in perpetual physical and technological metabolism.† 8 End Notes 1) Berlin, Isaiah, Karl Marx: His life and Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978). 2) Avineri, Shlomo, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968). 3) "Karl Marx" Education on the Internet and Teaching History Online, <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUmarx.htm> (12 February 2002) 4) "The Karl Marx Page" Sociology at Hewett <http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/curric/soc/MARX/Marx1.htm> (12 February 2002) 5) Blumenberg, Werner, Portrait of Marx (New York: Herder and Herder New York, 1972). 6) Avineri 7) "The Karl Marx Page" (all pictures from this website) 8) Berlin

Side Kicks

The poem, â€Å"Side Kicks† has many different meanings. when you read the poem the surface meaning gives an explanation ot what a side kick is and does. It goes over the basics of a side kick. If you were to look at the deeper at the meaning of the poem, you would find something more. The poem talks about how a side kick isnt given the gift of good looks It also talks about sidekicks being brave and putting others before themselves. At certain times the sidekicks put themselves in front of bullets for others. They remind us ofa part of ourselves that depend on others (our herffs).The theme for this poem Is loyalty and being humble. In the poem, It talks about the side kick being loyal to the hero, not ever wanting a hero to die, and being humble around everyone. I was almost is tears when I came to the realization of the deeper meaning of the poem. The tone for this poem is kind of sad and yet touching at the same time, The poem mentions many names but doesnt give or mention the name of the main character. Through the characterization that the author gives us, we can find out a lot about the character.For example, the character seems to have a lot of knowledge so I assume me will be someone older. would assume sme was or Is a side kick because of their knowledge ot sidekicks and their feelings. It sounds like the main character relates well with sadness of death or a great loss because, s/he explains it well in the poem. I believe that Ronald has maybe put this part about death In the poem because some hero of his might of died at the time. Or maybe he noticed one of his student's hero was lost and decided to write about it. The characters tone in the poem seems to be sad and depressed.An example would be in the fifth paragraph f the poem which says (Website 3): Who could sit In a darkened theatre, listen to the organ music (Ilke a funeral) and watch the best of ourselves lowered into the ground (like a casket being lowered) while the rest stood up ther e, tears pouring off that enormous nose. (sad for the lost of their hero) In the first 2 lines when it refers to a darkened theatre with organ music, I picture it as a funeral hall. In the next sentence as he talks about the best of ourselves being lowered Into tne ground. I see tnls as our neros casket Delng lava to rest. nen tne ero is being buried, Ronald Koerge paints us a picture of a side kicks emotion when one is caught crying for their hero. In the last 2 sentences while he's talking about tears pouring off that enormous nose, I see it as a side kick being sad for the loss of their hero. The mood is set up so well that it makes you want to cry. The author uses a simile and a metaphor to tell a story in the poem. Ronald wrote this metaphor â€Å"a yodel of a voice or ears big as kidneys† to compare side kicks to heros. He describes side kicks voices as usually weak or unsure, as opposed toa eros voice which is usually strong, powerful and leading.Also using this simile â€Å"ears as big as kidneys† to describe how a hero's image or looks appear perfect or flawless, unlike a side kick with all its imperfections. There are two main symbolisms in the poem. The first symbol being the side kick, which symbolizes a child. The second is a hero, which symbolizes a parent. At the end of the poem it talks about how side kicks remind us of a part of ourselves that is like a child, never wanting to grow up and always wanting to look up to our hero's parents) for help and guidance.The poem also talks about how a side kicks' outward appearance is not perfect like a hero's, but they don't care or get Jealous of a hero because they look up to them for support or guidance. It talks about a side kick being sad because the best of ourselves (herds) lowered into the ground (funeral), tears pouring off that enormous nose (sad for the loss). This poem was written as a free verse. By not adding all the other sound effects, it made the poem more relatable. The fr ee verse style made the poems meaning deeper and more personal.To add any sound effects would ruin the poems impact it would have to its readers. Ronald Koertge has done a lot in school, both teaching and learning. He has also written books about teens and young adults (Website 1, 2). He noticed that everyone has a need for a hero and that there is a side kick in all of us. He talks about sidekicks and what they are. But even deeper, he tells how hard it is to be a side kick and what a side kick goes thru. The author also tells us how sidekicks remind us of our selves, the part that never wants to grow up and always has to depend on others.

Honey Maid Has a Pretty Cool Reply to All the Haters of...

SWOT Analysis Strengths: After the research in business market, the owners list five important strengths of Coffeeberry: Firstly, Coffeeberry has a good location. It is located by one block besides University of La Verne campus. It is one of the oldest shops in our university. It has created an identity in the mind of the customer regarding product as well as services. It’s very convenient for Laverne students. They can come and buy a hot coffee during the class break. Many students find sanctuary at Coffeeberry for studying alone or orchestrating meetings for group projects. Secondly, as we know Coffee used as refresher for people. Coffee can have a stimulating effect on humans due to its caffeine content. It is one of the most-consumed beverages in the world. Coffee, for so many generations had been a vital thing in the world. It had been, for some addiction that there day wouldn’t be complete without multiple cups of coffee a day. Especially, work hard students need a cup of coffee to refresh their mind. Thirdly, Ensure quality of product is the key of shop successful. Coffeeberry offers best-prepared coffee in the campus using high-quality ingredients and strictly following preparation guidelines with fast food and refreshment beverages. Baked goods will be from Coffeeberry‘s owner handmade, the schedule of getting baked goods is every day to make sure that we will offer the customer fresh pastries, sandwich and cookies. Fourthly, Coffeeberry keep their cheap price andShow MoreRelatedHoney Maid Has a Pretty Cool Reply to All the Haters of Its Ultra-Inclusive Ad1296 Words   |  5 Pagescontains specialty drinks, specialty coffee, and shaved snow ice, and grilled Panini sandwiches as their main snacks. Their specialty coffee has a variety of choices. For the espresso series, they offer regular espresso, espresso macchiato, espresso con panna, cappuccino original, and cappuccino old town. All of them come with a choice of single or double shots. Among all the espresso products above, espresso macchiato is the most popular one. It is marked with mild foam and a full taste of the espresso

The Shannons Diversity Index For South Plots Of Aspen...

Results: The variables that we examined were the mean proportion of the qualitative categories in 2012 vs. 2015, the Shannon’s diversity index for 2012 vs. 2015 for south plots and that of Aspen plots control vs. treatment. These variables were each represented in one of my graphs. The graph in Figure 1 was a histogram which depicted the mean proportion among all 2015 plots for each designated category. The graph compared the qualitative category of ground cover type with the quantitative discrete variable calculated by averaging the proportional frequency of each category among all the south plots. Figure 1 Figure 2The graph in Figure 2 was a histogram which depicted the same variables, but only for the south treatment plots from 2012.†¦show more content†¦The graph in Figure 3 was a bar graph which depicted the mean diversity index for 2012 and 2015 south treatment plots. The graph compared the qualitative variable of year with the quantitative continuous variable calculated by the Shannon’s Diversity index. Figure 3 These results were not very significant as the number of indices recorded was 3 and 3 for group 2012 and 2015 respectively. Consequently, the graph ended up having enormous error bars, which only further indicated that we cannot conclude much from this graph even though the treatment group seemed to have a higher diversity index. In real ecosystems the Shannon’s diversity index often averages between 1.5 and 3.5. Our index was lower even though the ground cover seems fairly diverse as it is not uniformly diverse. This decrease the diversity index as the index fluctuated based diversity and the uniformness of the diversity. Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 4 showed a histogram of the Shannon’s Diversity Indies of the south treatments in both years. The distribution was almost uniform, other than a mode of 2 between .60 and .8. The distribution of the histogram highlighted the lack of data as all, but one of the frequencies was 1. This was also exemplified in Figure 3 by large error bars. The graph in Figure 5 was a bar graph which depicted the mean diversity index for both Aspen treatment and control plots. The graph compared the

Carter Racing - 907 Words

Carter Racing* David Eccles School of Business University of Utah ïÆ'“ Jack W. Brittain, Sim Sitkin 1986, revised 2000 John Carter was not sure, but his brother and partner, Fred Carter, was on the phone and needed a decision. Should they run in the race or not? It had been a successful season so far, but the Pocono race was important because of the prize money and TV exposure it promised. This first year was hard because the team was trying to make its name and so had run in a lot of small races. A successful outing could mean more sponsors, a chance to start making some profits for a change, and the luxury of racing only the major events. But if they suffered another engine failure on national television †¦ â€Å"These†¦show more content†¦If we withdraw now, we can get back half the $30,000 entry. We will lose Goodstone, they’ll want $25,000 of their money back and we’ll end the season $50,000 in the hole. If we run and finish in the top five, we have Goodstone in our pocket and can add another car next season. You know as well as I do, however, that if we run and lose another engine, we are back at square one next season. We will lose the tire sponsorship, and a blown engine is going to lose us the oil contract for sure. No oil company wants a national TV audience to see a smoker being dragged off the track with their name plastered all over it. The oil sponsorship is $800,000 that we cannot live without. Think about it -- call Paul and Tom if you want -- but I need a decision in an hour.† John looked out the window at the crisp autumn sky. The cars were already on the grid, spectators admiring the gaudy paint, excitement mounting in anticipation of the start. This was what made racing at this level special, the cars on display with crowds mingling around and waiting for the engines to roar to life. In an hour, they would retreat to the stands and the cars would circle the track in anticipation of the start. The temperature sign across the street flashed â€Å"40 DEGREES 8:23 A.M.† ï€ ª Permission to use, a copy of the complete updated case, and teaching materials can be obtained online from Delta Leadership at http://www.deltaleadership.com/case-studies.phpShow MoreRelatedCarter Racing Case1085 Words   |  5 PagesCarter Racing Case Situation Bj Carter and Chris Carter are siblings and business partners. They have to decide to run their race car in a high stakes race against tougher competition than they have seen all year. The problem being, their car has failed 7 times out of 24 this season and if it fails in this race, not only will they be out a $50,000 engine, but they will also be out a full season contract from Goodstone worth two million per year. 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Owens made a living through his entertainment pursuits such as racing against horses and fronting a swing band. In addition, Owens even challenged opponents by giving them ten or twenty yard head starts before beating them in a race. Although many believed it was degrading to go from an Olympic Championship to racing against a racehorse, Owens had no choice due to the fact that he had no further education or endorsements from corporationsRead MoreThe Bucket List Movie Analysis1282 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve you measure yourself by the people who measured themselves by you,† narrated by Carter Chambers (Morgan Freeman) in the movie â€Å"The Bucket List†. When you think of this quote you see that every individual determines the success of their life differently. Whether old or young, we are care about the life we live and whether is a could by our own standards. 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The main focus of my study is to observer the social norms as defined in Sociology: a brief introduction, by Richard T. Schaefer, a norm is â€Å"an established standard of behavior maintained by a society.† I’ll also be observing the informal norms as well.Read MoreShort Story1150 Words   |  5 Pagesgives us a quick nod as we drive off. The food smelt delightful and mouth watering. I could almost taste it even though I havent even touched it. Everyone and everything was quiet as a mouse except for the quiet music we havent turned up yet. Even Carter was silent, and that was very rare. Then when my dad turned onto the road, something grabbed my attention and pushed me to ask my question. â€Å"Uhhhhh, dad, you’re going the wrong way. Isnt home is that way,† I say suddenly while I point towards theRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1174 Words   |  5 Pageshospitalization to prevent harm to others or one’s self or there are psychotic features; the episode is not caused by drugs or substances; and during the mood disturbance at least three or more of the following symptoms need to be present: sleep deprivation, racing thoughts, excessive talking, easily distracted, high risk behavior, inflated ego, and increase in goal-oriented activity. Per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5, â€Å"If the individual’s mood is more irritable than expansive

Petroleum Company In Developing Countries - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Petroleum Company In Developing Countries. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview about the public relations maintained by the company Shell petroleum in Malaysia. In todays economy, it is very important for an organization to initiate their public relation activities so as to maintain their brand image in the target market. Public relations refer to the practice of maintaining the spread of adequate information in the target market about the organization. This process includes exposing the activities of the organization in the external market and circulating the information according to the public interest. The process of public relation is totally different from advertising in the marketing communication segment as in the process of public relation the organization aims to gain the interest of clients by maintaining relations with clients and keeping them satisfied for free whereas in case of advertisement or marketing the organization spend money to target the audience in the market (Shell 2018). Further the basic aim of the public relation activity is to inform the audience, prospective people about the decisions of the company and their business activities in order to gain their interest. These activities in the market are managed for free. In order manage public relations; companies create a different department which only focuses on the market and relation of stakeholders with the activities of the company. Also the PR department further focuses on different sectors like, financial public relations, employee product relation, product public relation etc. The financial PR focuses on maintaining relations with the stakeholders and the clients, the employee PR takes care of the employees and the employment process of the organization and the product PR focuses on the products and its release in the target market (Santiago 2017). The below mentioned task provides details about the company Shell Petroleum, role of its PR practitioner and challenges faced by them. Further it also discusses about the PR activities initiated by the company, medium of communication and image maintained in the market. More details about the task are discussed below: Background of Shell Petrol Company Shell Oil Company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell an oil producing company. Royal Dutch Shell is a multinational company which is a part of largest oil producing companies worldwide. The Shell Oil Company is based in United States and is headquartered in Texas. The company is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies with a group of around 94000 employees in more than 70 countries worldwide. Shell uses advanced technology to maintain sustainable energy in the environment for the near future. In Malaysia, Shell has been supporting the country for fueling the progress of the country over 125 years. The journey of the company the nation is intertwined as Shell plays the role of supporting the country and assisting the sustainable activities in the environment and Malaysia plays the role of helping the company to progress in their industry (Shell 2018). The business of the company has progressed modest kerosene venture to an alliance of companies engaged in p roducing all types of modern gas and oil in the industry. The company in todays world has maintained a strong multi-faceted image in the country by the way of long term investments, innovative and sharing and impacting the local communities as well. The company is currently acting as a market leader by owning total 25000 gas stations in US. Further it shall be noted that the company is most visible public presence and it provides diesel fuel, LPG and gasoline at its gas stations (Shell 2018). Furthermore talking about the strategy of the company, it shall be noted that Shell aims to seek reinforce their position as a leader in the gas and oil industry. Apart from that they also aim to satisfy the demand of the customers present in the target market. Safety of the members and environmental and social health is another objective of the company currently prevailing in the market (Fischer 2017). The purpose of Shell is to remain an important part of the global energy suppliers worldwide; the company believes that it is their role to deliver energy in the environment which is profitable to them along with the environment and society. Apart from that, talking about the departments of the company it shall be noted that Shell aims to work closely with their employees, partners, and stakeholders etc. to bring more sufficient and positive outcome for the people worldwide (Shell 2018). The employees work together to produce output for the customers by using innovative technology in their internal process. The diversified workforces of the company continuously aim to increase the output for the people so that the world can collectively aim for environmental success. As the oil and gas extraction activities bring negative impact to the environment so the employees research for solutions to provide products to the customer in such a way without harming the nature. The people of the company are managed with the leadership programmes which increase the efficiency of the people and bring their talent out as well (Chong, et. al., 2015). Further in Malaysia, Shell has a strong retail network which helps the Malaysian motorists to succeed in their life. The company is in a win-win situation by working in Malaysia as they get to earn brand name ad recognition in the market and the country earns fuel along with other various services in the market. Role of PR practitioner With the help of pubic relation practices initiated in the company, they grew and embraced their performance worldwide. These practices immensely helped the company to grow and initiate the sales of their product in the market. Thus it shall be noted that PR officers of the company helped them to improve their image in target market and increase their sales as well. Further the role and activities which the public relation officers implemented in the organization are discussed below: Community involvement: If an organization is only involved in initiating their business and is not involving the community in their business activities, then the customer will not take interest to purchase the products and services of the company. So, the public relation practitioners of the company involved the community in their day to day activities and informed them about the activities which the company initiates to extract the product from the environment and how they deliver it to them (van Vliet, and Male 2017). Being present in an oil and gas industry it is very difficult for an organization to maintain a good image in the eyes of the customers. So the company Shell has created an adequate image by managing their corporate social activities with the help PR officers and informing the public about their rights and duties as well. In this way people started taking interest in the activities of the company which gradually turned on the sales of Shell as well (Oil Gas Journal 2 017). Media and public liaison: maintaining relationship with media and the stakeholders of the company is also an important part of the job of the PR practitioner of the company. Interacting with the media is the most important part of the process of public relation as it helps the organization in maintaining their image in the market. Suppose if the company does not maintain good relation with the media then the media will portray negative image of the company in the eyes of prospective customers. The PR officers of Shell adequately understand the importance of maintain relation with media, with respect to that they arrange interviews and circulate information about the new plans of the company in the market. They also write press release so as to make media interested in the activities of the company (Ite, et. al., 2013). Furthermore talking about maintaining relation with the public of the company, the PR officers understand the crucial which they perform in the environment. So, the officers understand the importance of respecting the public and initiating activities according to their interest only. The organization adequately maintain the corporate social responsibilities and convey it people in the environment as well. Handling emergencies: many times in going concern process the organization faces problems which hamper their regular day to day activities. This activity also ruins the well maintained public image of the company as well. So, it is the role of the PR practitioner to deal with atrocities in such a way that it does struck or block the activities of the company. As explained above, being present in an oil and gas industry, the company is more prone to threat relating to the catastrophic oil spill etc. this might occur as a disastrous event. So, the PR team of the company manages all such activities in the external environment (Andrews 2015). Communication and consultation: Further communication is regarded as one of the most important role of the PR officers as they initiate communication in the organization. The PR team of the company circulates all the necessary information in the internal and external environment of the organization. They also seek the issues which are affecting the growth of the company. They maintain relationship with the employees of the company and aim to solve their issues as well. Further all the consultation services are provided by the PR team in the organization as well (Adoga, and Valverde 2014). Challenges faced by organization Legal Issues: The Company Shell was fined with $291,000 from 2006 to 2010 because they were violating the law of Clean Air Act. The company became the second most fined company in Pacific Northwest in the year 2011. Before that in the year 2008, a lawsuit was filed against Shell stating that the company violates the Clean Air Act. The organization is among one of the largest producers of oil and gas in the industry due to which many times the company faced difficulty in managing their legal matters. Further the company also polluted the air with their activities in the market due to which the organization faced difficulty in adequately organizing their business activities (Shell 2018). In response to that the public relation team of the company started handling all the legal matters of the company. Initially they stated on their website regarding the activities initiated by the company and how they are aiming to measure them so as to provide clean and fresh air in the environment. Further the management started studying the shift in climate change and how they can be resolved, according to which they made changes in their regular activities as well. So, in this way the organization managed to change their business activities to satisfy the requirements of the nature (Mas' ud, Manaf, and Saad 2014). Contracting and procurement: The Company signs almost 1 million contracts every year in every part of the country with more than 120,000 suppliers worldwide. Also every country and company has their own rules and regulations to operate in the energy sector. Resulting to which many times it gets difficult for the company work according to terms and conditions of all the contracts as stated. All contracts are quoted at different prices for supply of fundamentally same product in different part of the country. So, in order to resolve such confusions in managerial activities of the company public relation team managed their legal and contractual matters. The team organized the contracts of the company with each country and initiated supply of energy according to terms and condition. This satisfied the requirements of both the contracting parties (Oxford Business Group 2018). Technical Issues: technical issues refer to the issues which are related to the stations of the organization. Around 900 work stations of the company were affected as the employees of the company were unable to understand and handle the technical issues which the company faced. The company publically accepted the fact that they are facing technical glitches with their site system due to which their business activity is getting disturbed (Ismail, et. al., 2013). Due to this reason the motorists and the other customers of the company were unable to fill their tanks resulting to which dissatisfaction was increased under them. The management team of the company Shell adequately managed the issues by issuing the statements in media stating that they are extremely sorry for the inconvenience caused to the people as they were unable to fill their tanks from the products of the company. This issue was caused due to technical issues in their website which has centralized monitoring system (Albert, and Tanee 2017). Further the company also stated it on their website that the old petrol pumps are still providing fuel to people through cash as they are not linked to the centralized system of the company. Further the technical issues were overcome with the help of engineers of the company till then, the public relations team adequately handled the issue in the external environment and reduced the stress level of customers along with employees as well (Malay mail online 2017). Portrayal of image The company Shell has owned and operated their business for more than 100 years which gives the authority to the company to rule in the market and initiate the activities which are fit for the environment. The services of the company are promoted all over the world with an identified image in the market. Talking about portrayal of the image in the market,, it shall be noted that the company has adequately justified with their work due to which such brand image is maintained in the market. The organization never fails to provide adulterated products in the market or issue wrong statements in the media (Dozier, Grunig, and Grunig, 2013). The company always aims to provide true, meaningful and authenticity knowledge to the prospective customers present in the target market. Further the fact shall be noted that positive image can only be portrayed in the market if the employees of the working according to the objectives of the company. So, as the core value of the company suggests that t hey aim for honesty, integrity and respect for people in the market. The organization works accordingly to implement these activities in the organization (Ebegbulem, Ekpe and Adejumo 2013). The company has maintained high standards in the market according to which all the employees initiate their activities. They do not compromise with the quality of the products and services which they provide; nor do they compromise with the safety and environmental standards present in the industry. Thus, due to these reasons high value of the company is maintained in the market. Further the public relation team of the company adequately supports to their motive as well. The team has helped them to sustain their image in the target market. The PR officers monitor the energy efficiency activities implemented by the organization so as to secure the resources from the future; also they check that the products are according to standard value or not (Shell 2018). Also the organization is always open for the problems of the clients, employees and they do not hesitate in listening to their suggestion as well (Denhardt, and Catlaw 2014). Due to presence of transparency in the working culture of the organization, the company has earned fame in the external market. Thus, it shall be noted that the company apply the general business principles along with Shell code of conduct due to which sustainability in the activities is maintained. As the company regularly issues statements about their upcoming projects which make them more connected to the public and subsequently increases the level of satisfaction as well (Mikesell 2016). Medium of communication Medium of communication refers to the channels through which a company interacts with the people worldwide whom they want to attract. Further it shall be noted that communication is an important aspect which helps an organization to interact with the public on a whole. Further advertisement, public relation, online and offline promotion are some types of communication techniques which an organization uses to initiate communication. The company Shell mainly focuses on the public relation techniques to initiate communication with people (Youyi, et. al., 2013). PR activities From the above analysis it shall be noted that communication is an important part of the business. Further the public relation techniques which the company uses in their business process are discussed below: Press Release: press release activities are initiated by the company on a regular basis. As every time when good or bad news comes up with the organization, the first thing which they do is release such true and authentic statements in the market. Apart from that the main focus which the PR team keeps its focus on the core of their information that it shall not be molded nor hampered. Apart from that, the team also manages the information which is to be released in the organization and information which is not. This secures the activities of the company maintains a fixed image as well. The media always manipulates information in own way. They circulate information what they understand is correct, so with respect to that, the managers release information which is fair and cannot be hampered in any way (IPR 2018). Social Media: as all the public relation activities which are implemented in an organization are for free purposes. This is the one of the differences between advertisement and PR. So, social media has now become one of the most essential ways to make public relation which can support the company. With the help of social media the company manages to initiate public relation techniques in the environment. As use of social media lays more impact on people, so the PR team informally circulates the information about the companys activities which they initiate in the market (Foo 2015). This makes the customers to look more closely on the activities of the company. They demonstrate their corporate achievements through video, audios and images on social media platform. Also the customers can easily communicate with the team of Shell through media due to which the team also continuously receives feedbacks and survey results from the customers (Smith 2013). Press Meeting: Press meeting involves the personal interview and announcements with the media members. With the help of press conference the company gets to interact with various personalities present in the industry and keep them interested in the activities of the company. Looking at the corporate social responsibility of the company, the PR team manages conference of the leaders of Shell with various other people connected to the company worldwide. This process centralizes the activities of the company which are currently running worldwide (Spicer 2013). Also media presence is important while holding the conferences so that the public on large basis can become a part of the interaction. Press meetings also improve the cross cultural transactions as well. As the meetings of the company are held on large scale and all other companies and segments become a part of it. So the industry overall becomes more responsible towards their business activities as well (Black 2013). Participation: participation helps an organization in adequately managing their image in the eyes of all prospective people. Participation refer to the process of involving into community activities like charitable events, clubs etc. This gives the advantage to the company to get famous in the target market. Participation of the company Shell in all such charitable events helps them to adequately manage their corporate social responsibilities as well. And it creates a good image of the company also. So, the PR team keeps a record of the events in which the company has to participate (Coombs, and Holladay 2013). Open house tours: open house tours refer to the process providing access to public to come and investigate the plant facilities of the company. Through this process people get to know about the internal infrastructure and the activities which are initiated in the organization Shell. This helps the company to gain the trust of public. With this process people deeply get to know about the process through which the company initiates their business process. These activities are controlled managed and monitored by the public relations practitioners of the company (Kunczik 2016). In my opinion public relation activity is far better than the advertisement process in an organization. Advertisement now a day is very expensive and many times it does not adequately convey the social message as well. Apart from that the public relation activities in an organization looks at all the possible ways through which they maintain communication and apply them to gain the trust of people on a whole. Also being present in oil and gas industry, it is considered very important for the company Shell to gain the trust of customers in the market (Grunig 2013). With respect to that the PR activities adequately support the motive of the organization. PR team of the company also focuses on all major ways with the help of which they can create a brand image of the company in the market. This process is successfully implemented in the Shell Company as well (Davison 2017). Conclusion and Recommendation Thus in the limelight of above mentioned events the fact that shall be noted is that maintaining public relation is one of the most important part of the business process. Management of public relations helps an organization maintain a bond with the employees and stakeholder of the company as well. With the help of public only the organization gains acceptance in target market so it is important for them to maintain adequate relationship. Like in the given case of Shell Petrol Company which is placed in Malaysia as well; the company being present in one of the most threat prone industry safely initiates their business activities. The company maintains a good relationship with the public which promotes them in the market. The PR team of the company supports the environment as well through their activities. Further the organization shall initiate few practices in their process so as to gain more recognition in the market. The recommendations to the company are listed below: In order to effective manage the activities of public relation the officers of Shell Petroleum shall government-ize the message. The company shall announce the news of their upcoming plan with the help of government. This will initiate the customer to pay more focus on the company seriously. Technology is another way with the help of which the company shall initiate good public relations. 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