Teligions of Southeast Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teligions of Southeast Asia - Essay Example The beings that reside in these inter-penetrable mediums often hold corresponding formations as well as varying mixtures of actions. Temiars envisage a corresponding allotment of potentially independent souls in diverse beings ranging from humans, plants, animals, along with landforms; all possessing the respective segments, such as heart as well as soul for humans. Attached souls would be discharged as free spirit particularly in form of a vision, dream, along with infirmity. The collective entities of either â€Å"upper or lower, as well as bound or unbound† souls ensure association, as well as convey information among humans along with nonhuman mediums as noted by Roseman (6). Temiar precepts also suggest that this connection of resemblance forms the basis for dream as well as trance encounters hence endorsing a song symphony, apart from enhancing infirmity. This is when free medium’s in spirit form; from the bodies of both wilderness, as well as settlements are liab le of involving humans in optimistic exchanges as spiritguides, or wicked ones acting as infirmity agents. Wilderness is not against settlement as in the case of risk when compared to safety, which is often exhibited in Malays; with both realms experiencing compassionate and awkward dimensions. Over the dreams, the free unbound head soul of the halaa’s would be attached to either the free upper or lower spirits of various natural bodies, such as a tree or a tiger, whom would guarantee their aspiration to operate as the â€Å"dreamer’s spiritguide† (Roseman 6). The interaction will then be endorsed via a song performance from the spiritguide to the halaa. Subsequently, by conveying the song through a ritual performance, the halaa might become obsessed with the vision, accent, as well as the ideology of the spiritguide. Reciting the song should automatically connect the character with the spiritguide; hence he or she would be presented as a halaa for the spirits; the character may then detect as well as cure infirmity. According to (Roseman 21), the songs would recommend the beings to follow a certain path. The spiritguide can then point at a respective route in the song; then the halaa, with the aid of the spiritguide, might convey the song, explaining the visions as well as views, as observed by the spiritguide in its excursions. The outlined route would connect diverse entities involving the spiritguide, and halaa among other ritual partakers. The Temiars explanation presumes that the core influence of the route reflection is derived from their persistent journeys and everyday duties such as traveling within the jungle, and the river ways traversing the wilderness alongside the settlements (Roseman 8). The invasive sensate acquaintance with the path is often assigned a figurative outlook within the basic metaphor, whereas tracing the route, and mastering the path across the jungle, entails imperative intellects in Temiar culture (Roseman 2). Conversely, failing to master the path, as well as getting mislaid in the wilderness would be fatal. Besides, infirmity often arise when an individual’s liberated head soul have been waylaid. As reported by Roseman (8), diagnosis as well as remedy entails â€Å"singing a way, of finding the head soul,† alongside driving it back to the settlement. Though, if the chorus line slips ups while reciting halaa’s first phrase, the being might be considered to have missed the route. The song

Knowledge and Plato Essay Example for Free

Knowledge and Plato Essay Plato is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy and has had an impact on nearly every philosopher from all time periods. Alongside his mentor Socrates and his student Aristotle, Plato created some of the most significant works in philosophy; ultimately building the framework for western philosophic education. The dialogues of his works are wide ranging, from focuses on life and reality beyond what we see and hear, and subjects as practical rules, laws, education and punishment. Historians believe that Plato was born between 427 and 429 BC in Athens, Greece. Born in to an aristocratic family, Plato was involved in politics from an early age; however, he did not stay on the traditional political path for long. In Plato’s work The Republic, his ideas were to transform and improve political life, as he knew there was no escaping it. As the result of an early failure, Plato came to the conclusion that political action would not stop violence and greed, which is what changed his philosophic approach. It is believed that Plato met his mentor, Socrates, in his youth and his education under Socrates shaped his ideas about the world. Socrates played a role in almost all of Plato’s works and was a robust influence in Plato’s life and ideas. Plato was a believer in the importance of ethics and true self-introspection. In many of his writings, he references the importance of self-reflection; â€Å"First and best victory is to conquer self, to be conquered by self is, of all things, the most shameful and objectionable. †1 Plato was also passionate about music and its importance in education. He stated, â€Å"I would teach children music, physics and philosophy; but most importantly music, for the patterns in music and all the arts are the keys to learning. † 2 Many of Plato’s later works were profoundly influenced by the idea of the soul and the concept of dualism, meaning the separation of the mind and the body. 3 He believed that the real reality is not what we see or what we hear but is something that subsists in a higher realm beyond our day to day life. Many of his ideas on the soul influence a multitude of religions today as he believed that a human’s soul is immortal and that the soul is separate from our physical being. In 387 BC Plato founded what is credited as the first European university, The Academy, in Athens, Greece. The Academy focused on subjects such as astronomy, biology, mathematics, political theory, and philosophy. While at the Academy, Plato wrote many of his most significant works, including The Republic. 4 Plato spent his time at The Academy encouraging students to learn through discussion in order to become freethinkers. Plato even felt that his works and dialogues should be used more as supplementary aids and that no one should rely solely on what they read in a book or dialogue. Plato’s dialogues are used to this day to aid in the teaching of subjects ranging from philosophy to math. Plato’s out of the box thinking will continue to be thought provoking and influential for thousands of years to come. Many of his idealisms are still taking place in teachings and the living of every day life. His diverse subjects and desire for equality will continue to bring positive motivation to those study his works. Bibliography Cooper, John M. , and D. S. Hutchinson. Complete works. Indianapolis, Ind. : Hackett Pub. , 1997. Hunt, Lynn , Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein, and Bonnie Smith. From the Classical to the Hellenistic World. In The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. 114-115. Richard, Kraut. Plato (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/plato/#PlaCenDoc (accessed September 23, 2013).

The New Deal :: essays research papers

In 1933 the new president, Franklin Roosevelt, brought an air of confidence and optimism that quickly rallied the people to the banner of his program, known as the New Deal. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself," the president declared in his inaugural address to the nation. Perhaps he should have said the only thing we have to fear is complacency. What was truly unique about the New Deal was the speed with which it accomplished what previously had taken generations. However, many of the reforms were created in haste and weakly executed. And during the New Deal, public reproach and contention were never interrupted or suspended. When Roosevelt took the presidential oath, the banking and credit system of the nation was in a state of collapse. With astonishing speed the nation's banks were first closed and then reopened only if they were solvent. The administration adopted a policy of moderate currency inflation to start an upward movement in commodity prices and to afford some relief to debtors. New governmental agencies brought generous credit facilities to industry and agriculture. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insured savings-bank deposits up to $5,000, and severe regulations were imposed upon the sale of securities on the stock exchange. In addition to aggressive legislation to corral the failing bank system FDR vigorously attacked unfair business practices. The National Recovery Administration (NRA), established in 1933 with the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), attempted to end cut-throat competition by setting codes of fair competitive practice to generate more jobs and thus more buying. Although the NRA was welcomed initially, business complained bitterly of over-regulation as recovery began to take hold. The NRA was declared unconstitutional in 1935. By this time other policies were fostering recovery, and the government soon took the position that administered prices in certain lines of business were a severe drain on the national economy and a barrier to recovery. It was also during the New Deal that organized labor made greater gains than at any previous time in American history. NIRA had guaranteed to labor the right of collective bargaining (bargaining as a unit representing individual workers with industry), while not a new concept it was quite radical. Then in 1935 Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act, which defined unfair labor practices, gave workers the right to bargain through unions of their own choice and prohibited employers from interfering with union activities.

Managing challenges for the 21st century

â€Å"Drucker's ideas continue to display a force and resonance that leave him pretty much in a class by himself. It is impossible to read the man without learning a lot.† —Fortune Magazine Advent of globalization has reformatted the business principles and this book is a perfect guide to show the way to conquer new world which is more dynamic, confident and aggressive. Before Peter Drucker, most people thought about their businesses with a manufacturing mindset, defining a business based on what it produced. Today, the marketing mindset prevails. It was Drucker's critical insight that instead of buying a â€Å"product† the customer buys the satisfaction of a need. Drucker has reinvented the management principles to make them fit into the present world and can be proved more suitable in the current management framework. Drucker identifies new assumptions for the social discipline of management.  He has claimed that Management is NOT only for profit-making businesses but Management is the specific and distinguishing organ of any and all organizations. This revolutionary concept can bow the seed of future methods of business and can turn around the whole institutive scenario to create a completely different set of business leaders. Gone are the days when companies were making big profits and hence were focusing the management principles only towards profit earnings. Today’s world is flat and the competitions are monopolistic, in fact tends to perfect competition. In this scenario adhering to old management principles are like suicide. Second assumption is that never think that there is only one right organization which is again very relevant in present context. He has made a significant point over management of people. In Drucker’s view, One does not â€Å"manage† people. The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of each individual. Next assumption he made is that technologies and End-Users are NOT fixed and given. Increasingly, neither technology nor end-use is a foundation of management policy. They are limitations. The foundations have to be customer values and customer decisions on the distribution of their disposable income. It is with those that management policy and management strategy increasingly will have to start. Drucker’s book critically emphasizes the role of customer in today’s market scenario. He focuses on the point that now customer are the central point and business has to start and end at customer. Three things are important to run an effective business set up in present marketplace and that is customer, customer and only customer. Business has to be woven around the needs of the customer and ultimate goal should be customer satisfaction. He has quoted next assumption saying that Management's scope is NOT only legally defined. The new assumption on which management, both as a discipline and as a practice, will increasingly have to base itself is that the scope of management is not legal. It has to be operational. It has to embrace the entire process. It has to be focused on results and performance across the entire economic chain. He also said that Management's scope is NOT only politically defined. National boundaries are important primarily as restraints. The practice of management  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and by no means for business only  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ will increasingly have to be defined operationally rather than politically. This assumption has to be adopted by new world immediately in light of the â€Å"open world concept† and â€Å"world is flat† concept. Seventh assumption he made on the organizational atmosphere. He explained that the Inside is NOT the only Management domain. The results of any institution exist ONLY on the outside. Management exits for the sake of the institution's results. It has to start with the intended results and organize the resources of the institution to attain these results. It is the organ that renders the institution, whether business, church, university, hospital or a battered woman's shelter, capable of producing results outside of itself. Lastly he declared the most important assumption that Management’s concern and management's responsibility are everything that affects the performance of the institution and its results – whether inside or outside, whether under the institution's control or totally beyond it. This way he brought the managerial concept at the core of all the issues whether be political or economical or anything. His point of opinion is that the new world will be a economic world where money will be the most important thing and managerial discipline are the most efficient organ of the nation which can help keeping the country self sufficient and create bonhomie everywhere. Therefore Drucker explains in a instructive tone that managers has to be responsible and they have to start thinking out of the box to consistently keep taking the extra steps in right direction. In the course of the discussions, Drucker also addresses the ultimate challenge of managing oneself while still meeting the demands on the individual during a longer working life and in an ever-changing workplace. He has always understood that people are deeply-and rightly-resistant to being â€Å"managed.† This point is especially relevant for knowledge workers, who know more about their jobs than their bosses do. For them, supervision is a special kind of hell. This is why good managers help people manage themselves by focusing consistently on performance and results and by teaching them, often by example, to think about what they are good at, how they learn, what they value. Such self-knowledge is essential to performance. Drucker has also introduced the effect of being a change leader. In the course of discussion he gives four requirements for change leadership:- 1. Polices to make the future. 2. Systematic methods to look for and to anticipate change. 3. The right way to introduce change, both within and outside the organization. 4. Policies to balance change and continuity. In chapter-4, Drucker has navigated through the concept of information technology. Information is no doubt the most important tool to create a successful business setups. Drucker describes the new information revolution that is gaining momentum as follows. So far, for fifty years, Information Technology has centered on DATA -their collection, storage, transmission, presentation. It has focused on the ‘T' in ‘IT'. The new information revolutions focus on the ‘I'. They ask, ‘what is the MEANING of information and its PURPOSE?' And this is leading rapidly to redefining the tasks to be done with the help of information and, with it, to redefining the institutions that do these tasks.† As long as the world continues to become more complex and specialized, information management is essentially a critical part of all businesses and act as blood and vein for industry. The last chapter of the book, managing oneself, is completely devoted to the individual. Drucker advises persons to work on their strengths in order to maximize performance. Conclusion: This book is highly recommended for tyros and young turks. This book is envisaging enough eye opener facts, which can help company grow to the maximum level by reinventing and managing the organizational principles and the level of knowledge workers who will face new challenges in the 21st century. Incisive, challenging, and mind-stretching, Drucker's new book is forward-looking and forward thinking. It combines the broad knowledge, wide practical experience, profound insight, sharp analysis, and enlightened common sense that are the essence of Drucker's writings, which are continuing international bestsellers and â€Å"landmarks of the managerial profession† (Harvard Business Review).            

Mentally and Physically Abusive Relationships Essay

Why People Stay in Mentally/Physically Abusive Relationships It has long been wondered by many people, why there are so many who stay in mentally/physically abusive relationships. I have designed a study to find out address the reasons and the average amount of women by social and educational and by age group. With this study I will design, I will be using quantitative variables. Quantitative analysis is mathematical (Passer, 2014). In psychology it typically involves using statistics to aid in summarizing and interpreting data. I will use various scales that will rate or measure severity of the abuse, how long the person has been in been in the relationship, how many children the person has, if these are all of the partners or spouses children, check educational status and also if they plan to leave or stay in the relationship, on what level they are with how they feel about leaving or staying. I will have scales with age ranges and income status. I will also have questionnaires allowing the subject to pick from multiple choice answers which will as such questions as, the severity of the abuse, whether it is mental or physical abuse or both, and multiple choice questions to choose from as to their reason for not leaving. Example of this: I have not left the current relationship that I am in for one of the following reasons. Please circle all that apply 1. I am afraid to leave 2. I have nowhere to go 3. I have children involved and don’t want to leave 4. I still love this person and don’t want to leave 5. I feel that a lot of the abuse if my fault These are just some examples of the questions that may be asked. In this study it is very much my desire to give others an idea the average amount of women and men who endure abuse and reasons for leaving or staying. Ethical issues that could arise would deal with getting too deep into a person’s personal life and doing some things that could cause for the person to endure more physical and or mental abuse. The main thing would be to make sure that no one who is helping with this study gets too close personally to a subject, thereby getting involved in the subject’s persona life. My goal with this study is to adhere and conform to the five ethical principles. I will make sure that all involved in this study are concerned with the welfare of each person participating in the study. I will make sure that all who are involved in the study understand their responsibility as professional and only conduct themselves in a professional manner. This also means making sure they don’t uphold a colleague who may be demonstrating unethical conduct. I will make sure that each study subject knows; at all times what is going on and the no one mislead them, concerning the study, in any way. I will make sure that there is no bias in is no bias in this study and that all study subjects are being treated fairly. It will be my main goal to make sure that all participants are treated with dignity and respect, which also includes their right to privacy and confidentiality. No person will leave this study feeling that they should not have participated. There are several studies concerning abuse and why people stay, but most of this deal with women in abusive relationships such as Rick Nauert, PhD, who wrote about why women stay in abusive relationships. Researchers discovered that many who live with chronic psychological abuse still see certain positive traits in their abusers — such as dependability and being affectionate — which may partly explain why they stay (Nuaert, 2010). There are however, studies as to why men stay in abusive relationships also and many of them have their reasons for not leaving. There are many kinds of abuse that a man can experience, including physical, emotional, financial, sexual and spiritual abuse (Casimong, 2014). In closing, it is my goal in this study to obtain information from people of all ages, ethnic backgrounds, and financial statuses, whether they are male or female. People from all walks of life suffer abuse and although it may  occur more in some areas, it occurs regardless of financial status, educational background or whether a person is male or female and at all ages. Reference Passer, Michael. Research Methods. Worth Publishers, 05/2014. VitalBook file. Rick Nauert, PhD. Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships. 13 April 2010. . Rick Nauert, PhD. Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships. 13 April 2010. .

The Blog of Unnecessary Quotation Marks

The Blog of Unnecessary Quotation Marks Last week I wrote an article about quotation marks, and I did not cover the topic of their overuse. Quotation marks are often used to emphasize a word when they are grammatically unnecessary or incorrect. Thankfully, another blogger has taken on the gallant task of locating errant quotation marks so that I can take a rest on this one. I just had to share!   the blog of unnecessary quotation marks Also note: Using single quotation marks is also not grammatically correct, unless you are quoting something within a quote. For instance: Grandma always used to say, I live every day by the words, A stitch in time saves nine.' Single quotation marks simply dont belong anywhere else. And thus concludes Part 2 of the Quotation Mark Quandary.

Russian Czar Peter the Great essays

Russian Czar Peter the Great essays Peter The Great's Cruelty and It's Effect on His Power Peter the Great's reign over Russia paved the way for Russia's future as a world power. His many reforms and westernization of the country influenced millions and left a lasting legacy. The complexity of Peter is astonishing, his intellectual curiosity, combined with his hasty temper and cruelty caused a tumultuous but successful reign as Tsar. His brilliance as a ruler profoundly effected Russian society but his cruel decisions left an indelible mark on his legacy. He established his absolute power by fiercely putting down rebellions and even in personal relations with his wife and children. His cruelty and anger shown in his decisions gave him the power that allowed him to push Russia forward and allowed him to become the influential leader that he is known as today. Peter's influence on Russian society was remarkable. He inherited the position of Tsar in 1682 at the age of 10 but did not come to rule until 1689 when he overturned his sister Sophia's regency and took control over the country with his half-brother Ivan. He took absolute control over the country six years later when Ivan died (Duffy and Ricci 190). His countless reforms and westernization of Russia left it a much stronger power in European society upon his Death in 1725. His expansion of the military helped Russia strengthen their position in Europe and led to Russia's acquisition of several key pieces of land. He used reforms to create a stronger, more capable military than Russia had ever possessed. Peter used his army frequently during his reign, only one of the 36 years was peaceful. Peter's cruelty influenced many of his decisions concerning the Russian Military. He was quick to suppress any revolts and his punishments were almost always harsh to show that he was not to be betrayed. His sentences for those who betrayed him in the Streltsy Rebellion were brutal. Peter condemned ...

Learn About the Science of Marine Biology

Learn About the Science of Marine Biology The field of marine biology or becoming a marine biologist sounds fascinating, doesnt it? Whats involved in marine biology, or becoming a marine biologist? First, its important to understand what, exactly, makes up the marine biology branch of science. Marine biology is the scientific study of plants and animals that live in salt water. When many people think about a marine biologist, they picture a dolphin trainer. But marine biology is so much more than making a dolphin or sea lion follow commands. With the oceans covering over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface and providing habitat for thousands of species, marine biology is a very broad field. It involves a strong knowledge of all science along with principles of economics, legal matters, and conservation. Becoming a Marine Biologist A marine biologist, or someone who studies marine biology, can learn about a variety of organisms during their education from tiny plankton only visible under a microscope to the largest whales that are over 100 feet long. Marine biology can also include the study of different aspects of these organisms, including the behavior of animals in the ocean environment, adaptations to living in salt water and interactions between organisms. As a marine biologist, one would also look at how marine life interacts with different ecosystems such as salt marshes, bays, reefs, estuaries, and sand bars. Again, its not just learning about things that inhabit the ocean; its also about conserving resources and protecting a valuable food supply. Plus, there are many research initiatives to discover how organisms can benefit human health. Marine biologists have to have a thorough understanding of chemical, physical, and geological oceanography. Other people who study marine biology do not go on to conduct research or work for activist organizations; they can wind up teaching others about the vast scientific principles that make up the field. In other words, they can become teachers and professors at universities and colleges. Tools to Study Marine Biology The oceans are difficult to study, as they are vast and foreign to humans. They also vary depending on geographic locations and environmental factors. Different tools used to study the oceans include sampling mechanisms such as bottom trawls and plankton nets, tracking methods and devices such as photo-identification research, satellite tags, hydrophones, and â€Å"critter cams,† and underwater observation equipment such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).   Importance of Marine Biology Among other things, the oceans regulate climate and provide food, energy, and income. They support a variety of cultures. They are so important, yet there is so much we don’t know about this fascinating environment. Learning about the oceans and the marine life inhabiting them is becoming even more critical as we realize the importance of the oceans to the health of all life on the planet.

Miami Circle Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miami Circle - Article Example The excavation, conducted under Bob Carr revealed a patterned group of holes in various sizes cut into the oolitic limestone. This covered a circular shaped area of 38 feet in diameter. And the excavated earth contained various artefacts like shell tools and stone axe-heads. Other crucial discoveries included human teeth and charcoal from fires. According to the diary report of Ryan J Wheeler, one of the archeologists who participatred in the escavation, they also found '.some concrete, modern glass, and other construction fill, lower portions produced nineteenth century materials, including the fragmentary neck of a blown green glass bottle and a wire-wound glass button, probably from a ladies' blouse or jacket. (Wheeler). A controversy regarding the preservation of the site ensued, especially after the suggestion by Baumann to relocate the circle to another location for which he offered to pay the expenses so that he could pursue the construction of the condominium. But there was a general resentment among the general public which included archaelogists, native americans, new agers and school children. And the State the State of Florida Preservation 2000 land acquisition program had to purchase the disputed site from Bachmann for $26.7 million. The radiocarbon dating, conduct... However, the argument that the holes belonged to the modern age was further disputed by Tom Scott and Harvey Means, Florida Geological Survey, who brought to light the fact that there was a buildup of a calcite duracrust on the edge of the cut face, which cannot happen in the case of modern objects. The artefacts that were found are supposed to belong the Tequesta native group which existed prior to the European settlement of the area. But to come to such a conclusion, other possibilities were to be discounted. There is no proof that native North Americans built such permanent structures so long ago. And the hypothesis that the site could have belonged to the Olemec or Mayan civilizations was more or less ruled out as there was no evidence of any artefact belonging to Cetral American origin on the site. According to Bob Carr, "Mayan architecture is always rectilinear, except for the observatory in the Yucatan, so really nothing about this fits a Mayan connection." He thinks that the references to Mayan civilization in this context are "just an exotic way to explain it." (Nimnicht). There exists an argument that the holes were postholes of some structure, some sort a foundation for a building. Another hint is that it could have been a burial site, but the excavators could find o nly a five-foot long shark skeleton, a dolphin skull and a complete carapace of a sea turtle. Apart from the four human teeth found on the site, nothing confirmed to the idea that it could have a common burial ground.The controversy regarding the decision of the Sate to spend a phenomenal amount on the project reached its height with the hunch by the University of Florida archaeologist Jerald T Milanich that the Circle

Nok Civilization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nok Civilization - Term Paper Example It was during unearthing a part of an alluvial tin mine nearby the Nok village that discoveries were made. The Nok village is in Jaba Local Government to the south of Kaduna state, next to Jos Plateau that is located in Central Nigeria in West Africa. Natural erosion and deposition led to Nok terracotta being spread all over the Sahel grasslands at various depths, therefore making it difficult to date and classify them. Due to sheer luck two sites were found to have Nok art which had not been moved. With the help of radiocarbon and thermo-luminescence tests the archaeologists were able to narrow down the age of the sculptures to between 2000 and 2500 years back. This meant that these artifacts were among the oldest ones of West Africa (Nok - a visit to Africa’s ancient civilisation 2013). Nok culture belongs to the Nigerian heritage which has not been given a lot of attention – at least not as much as other civilizations around the globe. Among all ancient tribes the Nok civilization was the most advanced and organized with respect to their living style. Unfortunately, though, a majority of the qualities that were associated with the Nok culture are no longer there and just a silhouette of their past exists today (Nok - a visit to Africa’s ancient civilisation 2013). For instance, today there is a single Nok blacksmith in the whole community and just a couple of weavers when in fact the Nok civilization was prominent due to their talents in weaving, molding and blacksmith. The same trades that they were known for now hardly exist (Nok - a visit to Africa’s ancient civilisation 2013). Nok people can be categorized as traditionalists – they considered their culture and traditions important and made sure that their children also followed them. For instance, they used to prepare their male children for manhood and made sure that the women followed their ‘female’ roles rather than taking over the males’ position.

Group of Eight and Poverty in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Group of Eight and Poverty in Africa - Essay Example Questions of East-West economic relations, energy, and terrorism have also been of recurrent concern. From this initial foundation the summit agenda has broadened considerably to include microeconomic issues such as employment and the information highway, transnational issues such as the environment, crime and drugs, and a host of political-security issues ranging from human rights through regional security to arms control. According to UN estimates, poor countries need $45 per person per year in aid in order to have any chance of winning the fight against poverty and reaching the Millennium Development Goals. All four countries currently affected by the West Africa food crisis receive less than this. Mali receives $19 per head, Mauritania $20 and Burkina Faso $13. Africa's 48 countries have people who want for their children education, good health, security and opportunity. They want a voice, a chance to make a better life for them and respect for their human rights. It is a continent where even though some progress has been made, the fact remains that few, if any, of the Sub-Saharan African countries are likely to achieve the goal of reducing the proportion of those living in absolute poverty by half by 2015. Instead the number of the poor in the region is estimated to grow by 45 million over the next 12 years. The richest countries of the world, as represented by the G8, have a responsibility to help the poorest. This is not just charity, but a moral obligation. The world's wealthiest countries have emitted more than their fair share of greenhouse gases. Resultant floods, droughts and other climate change impacts continue to fall disproportionately on the world's poorest people and countries, many of which are in Africa. Finance Ministers from the Group of Eight industrialized nations have agreed to cancel at least $40 billion in debt owed by the world's 18 poorest nations (Cowell, 2005). Under the agreement, 18 countries - Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guyana, Honduras, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, will receive immediate forgiveness for more than $40 billion they owe to the World Bank, African Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund (Blustein, 2005). The deal will save the initial 18 countries about $1.5 billion annually that they could use toward health care, education and poverty alleviation programs, according to British Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown. (New York Times, 2005). An additional nine African countries likely will qualify for debt forgiveness once they have satisfied IMF and World Bank requirements for good governance and sound economic policies. The agreement also requires G8 countries to compensate the World Bank and AFDB at a total cost of $16.7 billion, based on the payments the lenders would have received from the 18 countries between now and 2015. The debt-forgiveness cost to the IMF will be absorbed by the institution's already existing resources. The United States agreed to pay up to $1.75 billion to the lenders over the next decade, and the United Kingdom agreed to pay up to $960 million (New York Times, 2005). Germany will pay between $848 million and $1.2 billion to the World Bank an

Discussion Stories and the Communication Model Essay

Discussion Stories and the Communication Model - Essay Example In all four scenarios, different types of information are gathered, shared and saved in different ways. Like information can be shared through email, electronic documents, voice recording and web presentations. It can be stored directly through web pages means in a digital form or it can be printed through print out and filed them in files. This document which is assembled in the file will be a great asset for the organization. For storing a collaboration experience, you must have knowledge that that has done and stored those types of experiences, awareness of from where the information of the experience will be available and from where you can find that information. I have done research in collaboration in which our group members do not have a time to do research in same time and same place so we prefer to do research in same time, different place. In a same time, different place our group members have done research and sharing information in a same time and different places very easily through chatting, video conference, teleconference, through email, applications/white board sharing, group calendaring and through different resources. Our group members have adopted all these steps for doing that research successfully. Winkler, Ramona. (2002). Keywords and Definitions Around "Collaboration". SAP: The Best Run business Run Sap, Retrieved on 4th January 2012 from

Teachers connecting to todays Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teachers connecting to todays Learners - Essay Example Also, pattern recognition substitutes psychological processing functions in multifaceted milieu. 2) Currency is the intent of all connectivist learning activities because it is in our observation that the technological and education industries are continuously undergoing changes and advancements. Connectivism emphasizes upon the fact that learners have to remain up-to-date with all the changes occurring in their learning environment and must ensure that the knowledge they are acquiring and using is current so that all modern learning needs are satisfied (Rowley & Hartley, 2008, p.16). This is important if learners want to excel in their respective fields. 3) Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources because in today’s modern world, it is important for the learners to make connections between specialized technological sources or nodes if they want to perform the complex tasks effectively. This enables them to make a collection of contradictory knowledge fields and perceptions which enhances their learning process. Such an aggregation of knowledge enables them to build better opinions and judgments, which makes them better individuals in the long run (Anderson, 2008,

Interview a supervisor or manger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview a supervisor or manger - Essay Example The organization has transformed and upgraded itself with the shifting paradigms of the society. The prime value of their bank which is thoroughly instilled in all workers is â€Å"Perform to succeed†. The team comprises of competent individuals who are specialists in their own areas hence through channeled teamwork we acquire the destined outcome. What are the three things you do which result in positive accomplishments for your organization? As a manager he believed that the three things which do wonders are: Teamwork which brings positive outcomes. Individually things are difficult to achieve but collectively the results are very positive. Check and balance so that no loopholes occurs whatsoever. Constant sessions with every team member personally to be aware of any shortcoming or issue that might hamper the progress. What factors do you consider while making a decision? He said that since he is the manager and has to look after an entire team therefore many times he has to make spontaneous decisions but one thing that is always on his mind while making a decision is how this decision would benefit the organization and alternative possible ways if it does not work out. Hence he has to interpret the positive and negative consequences before making any decision. How your position does contribute to the company’s goals, profits or level of productivity? Mr. ... Thus there is immense responsibility involved. If there is a minor error from his team then the consequences can be quite alarming for the organization thus he has to be very careful. What do you do for the development of your team? Mr. Jack informed me that his organization really cares about the growth and development of each employee thus constant training programs, workshops and international/local conferences and seminars are held and attended by them so that there is growth, learning and progress. What are your future aspirations? Mr. Jack was quite witty about this and said that he seeks a promotion but on a serious note he mentioned that he wants to excel within his area of expertise. The interview with Mr. Jack was a very exciting and enriching experience for me as it helped me to learn a lot and gave me an insight about professionalism. A manager is basically a person who not only has to be responsible for his work but he is also answerable for the entire therefore the task of Mr. Jack and all other managers is very daunting and requires physical and mental alertness. As a manager Mr. Jack at multiple times emphasized on teamwork. â€Å"People can work better and faster when they work together as a team.† (Gregory, 2013) He had great faith in his team as he knew without them growth is not possible and that’s what I learnt that progress is only possible when one works together effectively. There was a lot of devotion that was seen in Mr. Jack. He was extremely devoted to his work and that reflected positively through his overall personality. He was not only smart but also had an insight which is very important for a manager. Personally I evaluated that a manager is basically a multitasker. He has to look into different issues all at the same

Teachers connecting to todays Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teachers connecting to todays Learners - Essay Example Also, pattern recognition substitutes psychological processing functions in multifaceted milieu. 2) Currency is the intent of all connectivist learning activities because it is in our observation that the technological and education industries are continuously undergoing changes and advancements. Connectivism emphasizes upon the fact that learners have to remain up-to-date with all the changes occurring in their learning environment and must ensure that the knowledge they are acquiring and using is current so that all modern learning needs are satisfied (Rowley & Hartley, 2008, p.16). This is important if learners want to excel in their respective fields. 3) Learning is a process of connecting specialized nodes or information sources because in today’s modern world, it is important for the learners to make connections between specialized technological sources or nodes if they want to perform the complex tasks effectively. This enables them to make a collection of contradictory knowledge fields and perceptions which enhances their learning process. Such an aggregation of knowledge enables them to build better opinions and judgments, which makes them better individuals in the long run (Anderson, 2008,

Pepsi vs coca in india case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pepsi vs coca in india case - Essay Example Coca-Cola reentered India in the early 1990s when the Indian government adopted the policy of liberalization, privatization and globalization. By that time, PepsiCo had already acquired 26 percent of the cola segment. Coca-Cola could not eat into the market share of existing players as the beverage market was in the growth phase. PepsiCo has been actively strengthening its non-cola portfolio in India. The company has diversified into the lemon and orange segment of carbonated drinks and has also launched its brand of juices. PepsiCo garners one-fourth of its revenue from the non-cola segment and is well poised to capitalize on the consumers changing tastes and preferences. One the other hand, Coca-Cola’s flagship brands; Coke and Thums Up are cola drinks. PepsiCo has also launched its Aquafina brand of bottled mineral water in India. The company has captured a significant market share in the bottled water market which is expected to grow steadily in the future. The vast product array of PepsiCo also includes Gatorade, a well established international sports drink brand. The growing health consciousness amongst Indian consumers is likely to help Gatorade gain further traction in the Indian market. The emergence of sports and exercises in the daily regimen of Indian consumers bodes well for PepsiCo. PepsiCo uses appropriate advertising and sales promotion tactics keeping in mind the Indian culture. Sponsorship of cricket and football tournaments and celebrity endorsements has struck the right chord with PepsiCo’s target market in

History of Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

History of Western Civilization Essay Civilizations of societies started long before the times Jesus in the Middle East especially in the ancient Greek and Roman Empires. In the 18th century most European countries followed the suit and underwent changes from pre- industrialized to industrialized nations characterized by social and economic changes. There were a lot of technological innovations which led to increased energy production and thus large scale production of most products with ease. Industrialization has over the years been linked to some factors which enhance fast changes for instance cheap skilled labor, political stability, presence of raw materials and available markets of the products produced. Industrial revolution was experienced in England to the northwest and the midlands. People used to make their own furniture, clothes and equipments until industrialization took over whereby they could buy goods already made from the industries. History of Western Civilization England underwent several civilizations in which there was increased agricultural output (Agrarian revolution) which led to increased population density and eventually led to the industrial revolution. New techniques were initiated and allowed farmers to produce more yield than there before. As time passed machines and other equipments were produced by skilled personnel who sold them to those who were specialized in agriculture. The business to make machines and other related equipments boomed and led formation of a class of people who worked in the industries as they expanded. These machines were very advantageous because they substituted the human job since it did not involve a lot of work and therefore people did not get tired fast. Those who worked in the industries earned more than those who were specialized on agriculture. Most of these industries were located in the urban centers and they would obtain their raw materials from the farmers in the country side. Industrialization in England led to numerous increases in population leading to less arable land and therefore some of the people migrated to other countries where they introduced the new techniques for agriculture and industry (Landes, 1969). However, most of the skilled personnel were not allowed to immigrate to the England’s new colonies so that England would remain superior in technological advances. Industrialization in England was characterized by many factors which made this country to be first to be industrialized. Agrarian, commercial and cottage revolutions greatly enhanced the fast social and economic changes in this country leading to a lot of extra money which facilitated the improvement of infrastructure. The industries spread all over England and Europe and since the number of workers were reducing as a result of immigration to England colonies, they resulted in taking people from the countries that were still not in the process of social and economic change especially in Africa and made them to work in their farms and industries as slaves. As more and more industries were built the private sector was also changing as money for expansion and setting up of more industries was needed. This led to the emergence of banks and other financial institutions which financed all these industrialization activities. These institutions gave loans to people to expand and introduce more industries and then repay later with the profits obtained. At around this time of industrialization most people used wood as a source of energy for the industries. The number of industries increased enormously and therefore the number of trees reduced drastically and made the people to think of alternative source of energy. They came up with coal which was used in the industries as an alternative and could be even used in homes. The coal mines were usually flooded with water at times and a method of pumping water out of the mines was innovated but the coal would not generate power. This method was not embraced and therefore coal was not a lasting solution and more innovations needed to be initiated for instance in the textile industry. Textile industry in England was the first industry to be mechanized and utilized wool which obtained from large scale sheep farms in the country. Weaving was usually done in cottages by skilled people after which the yarn was taken to the industries where it would be made in to clothes. England by then conquered many colonies where they would grow cotton in addition to importing cotton and used to substitute the wool. At around 1773 John Kay introduced a machine he named the flying shuttle which made it possible for a person to easily weave. In the textile industry machines that utilized water for energy were introduced. This machinery could reduce the cost of production and at the same time increase the rate of production. These measures were taken when the cost of production started to sky rocket reducing the profits of the merchants and the merchants did not want to raise the goods prices in a quest to maintain their customers. Transportation in England was favored by the fact that it had many rivers and natural harbors which greatly reduced transportation costs because rivers covered most areas and therefore goods could be transported to most parts of the country. Canals were also built on rivers which were not naturally navigable and also facilitated easy transportation of raw materials from farms in England and from distant colonies and transportation of finished products from the industries to the consumers. Tram ways which were pulled by horses were also used especially when transporting goods inland until when trains were made and used instead because they relatively faster. Due to the limitation of the road transport some people decided to borrow loans from the financial institutions ton repair them and then use toll fees to repay the loans. This would also ensure easy transportation of goods in areas where the rivers and coastline was far away. Improvement of roads led to introduction of stage coaches which would transport even people from one area to another. Transport was boosted with the introduction and improvement of railway. The first type of railway was wooden and did not last long until when iron plates were put on top of the wood and the railway became more durable. Another factor that facilitated faster industrialization of England is its isolation from the European mainland. This helped this country to evade the wars that were occurring at this time for instance the Napoleon war. They concentrated more on development and industrialization of their country till the wars were over. After the war the British took advantage of selling their products to the other European countries and the Americas at relatively cheap prices thereby making a lot of profits. The private sector with the government support also helped a lot by offering loans to people for expansion and initiation of new industries and for the repair of roads which enhanced faster movement of goods between places. Conclusion Civilization of England in many ways has influenced the modern world with only improvement of the machineries that were made during the period of industrialization. The support from the government and relative stability of the country made it to develop even faster without any worries of attacks during the war of Napoleon in the mainland. Advancements in technology led to improvement and construction of new transport systems and infrastructure which also facilitated movement of raw materials and finished products to the several destinations within England and other countries. Civilization in England led to migration of people to the urban centers where they would be able to obtain jobs in the urban centers. This situation is the same even in the modern days where especially young people move to the towns and cities in search of better jobs in the industries. References Jackson, S. Western Civilization: A Brief History. 4th Edition. Cengage Learning, 2007. Jacob, F. The Development of Western Civilization : A study in Ethical, Economic and Political Kenneth, P. Steven, T. The world that trade created: society, culture, and the world economy, 1400- the present. 2nd Edition. M. E Sharpe, 1999. Richard, B. Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850. Routledge, 1991. Evolution. The University of Chicago Press, 1906. Roy, P. David, L. The Cambridge History of Science: Eighteenth-century science. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Essay examples --

Scientists have been successful in the areas of cloning before, but a breakthrough in 2013 is helping the area of stem cell usage. There is much controversy over the use of stem cells, but this new technology may help lessen that. Using a technique called â€Å"somatic cell nuclear transfer,† researchers cloned a human embryo. Within an embryo are embryonic stem cells, which are unique because of their never-ending list of uses. Stem cells are a crucial part of many new medical research projects because they can be manipulated into producing any type of bodily cell, including more stem cells. With the use of stem cells, scientists may be able to produce organs, create vaccines, and possibly find cures for many diseases. Cloning has been a goal of scientists and researchers for decades. In 1996, the first mammal was successfully cloned: a sheep named Dolly. Then, in 2007, researchers at the Oregon National Primate Research Center cloned the embryos of primates. The goal of embryonic cloning is to extract embryonic stem cells, which are desirable because of their wide variety of uses in research. Embryonic stem cells are rare because they are found only in a four or five day-old embryo. In 2013, researchers achieved an astonishing breakthrough by cloning a human embryo and thus, were able to extract embryonic stem cells. This breakthrough is crucial to the development of stem cell research, since it is a way for stem cells to be used without harming a living human embryo. While there are other alternatives to retrieve stem cells, including the reprogramming of an adult stem cell to create an induced pluripotent stem cell, such technologies have not yet been perfected. In May of 2013, an 8-month-old baby with a genetic disease was brou... ...oping stages, there are no major vendors or customers. In the future, once laboratories perfect treatments using stem cells, they will be the vendors to the hospitals hoping to use those technologies to treat patients and save lives. I believe the use of stem cells will have a positive impact on our society. We are always looking for ways to cure any diseases that affect our everyday lives, from cancer to diabetes. With the use of stem cells, we could see a cure for these diseases in the future and millions will benefit. The cloning of embryos to extract embryonic stem cells is an amazing breakthrough for scientists worldwide. The possibilities for stem cell use are endless and cloning is a new way to achieve them. Potential problems may include further ethics debates and a possible shortage of donor eggs, but I believe scientists will overcome these obstacles.

First Impressions Essay example -- essays research papers

First impressions are very important to your every day life. They are the basis of how relationships start and how you are seen by other people. People, based on first impressions, form opinions. The opinions could begin many things and lead towards success or these opinions could be ones that are misleading and have a negative impact on how people relate to you. First impression are very important on people’s social life, in your education and in employment. In your social life, first impressions come from your friends, family, and even new people who come into your life. First impressions for your education consists of your teachers or classmates when you are taking a class. First impressions on employment go from your current co-workers, boss, and former employers. The are very significant in job interviews. First impressions are important, but are not always the final word. First impressions from the social perspective is the issue at hand, when viewing the importance of first impressions, and then taking in account the environment that one is in, then lastly viewing the important role that first impressions play throughout the course of a relationship such a friendship. The importance of first impressions is essential to the development of relationships be it for a friendship or just merely business acquaintances, the role of first impressions is resounded throughout the course of that relationships. How you are perceived has a very basic bearing as to how you are treated. Your outward appearance plays a pivotal role in the compiling of a first impression, when you are viewed by others, a snap decision is made about you that people will hold in their minds whether subconsciously, or conscientiously that first moment that they laid eyes on you. Also the way that you portray yourself comes into play at this point, your social skills are the main focus of the first impression after the mental image of you is implanted in the person’s mind. Your social skills would reflect how you wish to present yourself to the people that you are meeting, if you wish to get along then you take a route that would help you get along in your company of the people that you are meeting. How you present yourself in this situation has a direct reflection to the type of environment that you are in. Depending on the environment that you are in, this will reflect your actions, i... ... and that could all be because of the initial impression we may have left with the interviewer. There have been studies of what types of people have what types of jobs in this country. Educational first impressions are very important also. These first impressions are the ones that you make on your teachers and other classmates. For example, when you start a new class at a school, you want to have a good first impression on your teacher so that they respect you and give you the attention and value that you need. With you classmates, you want to make a lasting first impression on them. The first impressions is important because you can develop relationships from this. If you come in to class late on the first day and look messy and have an attitude, peoples first impression on you would be negative and treat you differently then you deserve to be treated. Finally, as you can see, first impressions do have a great affect on people who meet you. They are the base of all relationships. First impressions are very important socially, educationally, and employment wise. Impressions on people usually last forever. Although people have second impressions, the first ones are very important.

Article Critique on “Black Hair” Essay

This story discussed the life of a sixteen year old man who wanted to become independent in his life but does not know how to start. The protagonist of the story was the narrator. He showed his life in a blurred path where he could not able how to distinguish the facts and fictions of life. It means that he is still incapable of being a productive individual in his society because he himself could not understand how his life works in the general perspective of human nature. Though he knows how things work, he could not manage these things in normal and proper way. Because of this, the protagonist still need to learn from what is true, right, and wrong from everything that is beyond his reach so that there would be greater knowledge and self-esteem that would grow in his identity. Based on my reading in the whole story, I can say that the whole setup of the story tackles the issues and personal identity of the persona. He pitied himself because he did not know what he is doing in his surroundings. He does not know how to look for a right job, right home, and right place to go in his everyday living. This became the conflict of the story. Everything was focused in his ways and perspectives as neophyte in his journey of life. At the end of the story, he remained clueless with those things that he encountered even the coke machine where he could not find one when he is thirsty. The implication of the story is that the author showed the angst of a young man who seeks independence in the world of real life. When we are with our family, we could not feel the pressure of having a life. We always think of the better things that we could manage but through this story, we tend to realize how things work when we are already alone. It shows that life is always a cycle and a chosen ground. When we choose to ignore the things that we encounter during our early days, it would not give us the privilege to know what true life is because we are incapable of living – to understand and to learn things around us. Reference Soto, G. Black Hair pp. 296-302

Fraud and Highest Embezzlement Case

Embezzlement: Attempting to Find the Easy Way Out Name School Envy and greed has existed since the beginning of time. Maybe we are born with those traits or maybe we are taught through life’s lessons. The rich are perceived as having a carefree un-stress-filled life. The reality shows and news stories of the wealthy buying yachts, taking lavish vacations with their Barbie doll mate, summer homes that are actually castles and extravagant parties. The rest of the world seems to be the servants of the wealthy. How can society not be envious or greedy to obtain what the few have in their life?Part of society is happy with their position in life; just being able to pay the bills, and take care of their family is what drives them. However, the other part of society wonder, â€Å"How have some individuals been gifted with monetary wealth? †, and their resentment builds. The â€Å"Get Rich† schemes are created. The individuals trying to make the quick buck will pressure their friends and family into buying the Mary Kay, Tupperware, or lending money to place bets on Sport games or a gambling weekend at the casino. All this under the assumption that they will make a great deal of money, and earn the respect of the wealthy elite.The most well know form of money schemes is embezzlement. An understanding definition of embezzlement comes from Global Legal Resources; it states: Embezzlement is a criminal offense which involves the fraudulent and secret misappropriation of money or assets by an agent to who the property has been entrusted. This occurs when a person obtains possession of the goods or money in legal, proper manner, but then appropriates them for his/her use without the rightful owner’s permission. Six (6) cases of embezzlement stand out in Modern day History.The first case is about Yasuyoshi Kato in 1997 who managed to steal $132 million from Day-Lee Foods, Inc. of Santa Fe Springs, California. At the time, Yasuyoshi was the Chief Fin ancial Offer of Day-Lee Foods. He managed to keep the game up for six (6) years by fraud and forged checks. Yasuyoshi, a Japanese citizen, wrote checks to himself and his wife, from the various companies’ accounts over the six (6) years. He even was so arrogant that he took out bank loans under the company’s name and manipulated the accounting books to cover the theft. Yasuyoshi bought umerous luxury homes, a citrus ranch, premium vehicles, unstable business ventures that failed, jewelry and extraordinary animals. He blamed his wife in court on the reasoning on why he performed the embezzlement. Stating she was always unsatisfied. Yasuyoshi was even so ignorant that when he was asked where the money was coming from, he stated he was a secret inventor of Nintendo. In 1997, Yasuyoshi Kato plead guilty to six felony counts. They ranged from mail fraud (Statute 18 U. S. C. Section 1341) to wire fraud (Statute 18 U. S. C. Section 1343).In the end, he was sentenced to 63 mon ths in a federal state prison and an additional five years of probation. This was the maximum sentencing at this time. (Marquet, 2010) The second largest case of embezzlement was Gilbert Beesmyer of Guarantee Building & Loan Association of Hollywood, California. He was found guilty in December of 1930 (Statute 18 U. S. C. Section 981), and length of the fraud is unknown but assumed to be less than one year. Beesemyer was able to steal the equivalent of $100 million in 2010 dollars using his position within the company as the founder, general secretary and manager.The Guarantee Building and Loan Association went broke because of Beesemyer’s actions. He stole the money in form of overdraft penalties, and repeatedly stated he planned to repay the money. Even though he was sentenced to 10 to 100 years to the San Quentin prison, he was released under parole in 1940. The community that had invested in Beesemyer’s bank was destroyed. Businesses failed, 2,500 families went bro ke, individuals went to asylums and thirty committed suicide. In the end, Beesemyer was able to live his life out to the fullest at age 97 in Baltimore Maryland. Marquet, 2010) Ricardo Carrasco, a Uruguayan national, was able to embezzle $97. 7 million from the BankBoston Corp located in Boston Massachusetts. As the same as the Beesemyer’s case, officials were unable to determine the length of the fraud. He was uncovered in 1998 at the age of 41. Yet, Carrasco suspected that the bank officials finally caught on to him, so he went into hiding. Carrasco started his association with the BankBoston Corp in 1977 at the Uruguayan branch. In 1998, the bank transferred him the Boston location. Carrasco executed fraudulent loans to an Oldemar Laborda in Argentina.Oldemar Laborda has been known for having a highly suspicious past. The FDIC ordered Carrasco to repay $73 million. The bank wrote off $66 million and even offered a $10,000 reward for information leading to his arrest. But t o this day, he remains a fugitive. (Marquet, 2010) The Chief Operating Officer of Tenens Corp. , dba Essex Street Associates of Beverly Massachusetts embezzled for seven years the amount of $72. 3 million. John Doorly started with the company as a clerk, and with hard work, was able to rise to the CFO position. The clients trusted him, the company trusted him.In the seven years, he transferred assets from the clients trust accounts to his own personal accounts. Doorly established personal credit cards that the company unknowing paid for. He even overcharged clients in the excess of $61 million for his services and so-called expenses on over-seeing their accounts. Doorly spent the money on gifts for his wife and mistress, and apartment for his son, vehicles, travel, airplanes and numerous failed business ventures. He forged the statements that were mailed to the clients, and even went as far as to deceive the outside auditors.Doorly’s new assistant, Kim Borans, was the one who found irregularities in the accounts. She immediately went to one of the officers of Tenens Corp to report her findings and suspicion of embezzlement. Doorly was fired and a forensic internal audit was conducted of his accounts. On March 201, Doorly was sentenced to 17-1/2 years to a federal prison. (Marquet, 2010) The fifth highest embezzlement case is Ausuf Umar Siddiqui, the vice president of Merchandising and Operations of Fry’s Electronics located in San Jose, California. He pled guilty of vendor fraud and kickbacks in the theft of $69 million.The scheme began in January 2005 and ended when he was finally caught in November 2008. Siddiqui had a base salary of $225,000 a year and was the supervisor of 120 employees in purchasing department. His department was responsible for purchasing merchandise on all Fry’s 34 locations. Siddiqui even went as far is to set-up a dummy vendor where he could embezzle the money. He stole the money to satisfy his gambling habit and the need to live the high life. At the time Siddiqui was caught he was being sued by three casinos, Planet Hollywood, Palms Casino and Trump Taj Mahal, for outstanding debt on gambling.Venetian Resort and Casino in Las Vegas reported that he gambled $17. 9 million dollars with them alone. An investigation showed that his gambling debt over a ten-year period is approximately $167 million. (Marquet, 2010) A case the hits close to home is the Koss Corporation. Sjuata Sachdeva was the Chief Financial Officer of Koss Corporation located in Milwaukee Wisconsin. She began her career with the company as a temporary worker, and within one year was promoted to vice president of finance. Over a span of twelve years, Sachdeva was able to embezzle $40. million by fraudulent funds transfers. She approved at least 204 wire transfers of funds from the company bank accounts to her personal American Express credit card. Also, Sachdeva issued more than 500 cashier’s checks from the company†™s accounts to pay for personal lavish expenses. On top of this, she informed other Koss employees to make fraudulent entries into the company’s books to conceal her theft. The theft was only caught after American Express notified Koss of unusally high volume of large transactions.Sachdeva used her illegally obtained money for a vacation home in Hawaii, a new Mercedes Benz, luxury travel, furs, designer shoes, art and jewelry. She had purchased some many items that she had two storage containers rented in Milwaukee. During the investigation, some luxury stores come forward stating that she had purchased items ans asked the store to hold the item for her until she came and picked it up. However, she never showed up. Sachdeva even had enough nerve to hold various fundraisers to flaunt her wealth in hopes of joining the socialate circle of Milwaukee.The Board of Trustees of Cardinal Stritch University was so impressed with her that she was offered a position to sit on their bo ard. To cover her theft, Sachdeva informed her friends that her husband, a pediatrician, made a couple million a year, and she made only half a million and they both came from wealthy Indian families. On Sachdeva’s sentencing day she made a statement of, â€Å"I stand before you today truly remorseful. You have been my family, my friends, and my co-workers for many years. I know you have been deeply hurt by my dishonesty in ways that I never intended. For eleven years she will sit in prison for her greed and envy. (Marquet, 2010) In every case examined, the US Code that has been violated is Chapter 31: Embezzlement and theft. Twenty-nine Sections of the Code have been created to cover every type of theft from public money, property or records to major theft of livestock. The state sentencing of embezzlement ranges anywhere from 45 months for felonies, six months for misdemeanors or 38 months of probation and including repayment of money and fines.The sentencing is determined by the monetary amount that is stolen. (US Code) The Federal Government oversees accusations of embezzlement for public agencies, banks, US courts, credit agencies and any program that received money from the Federal Government. Yet, Federal punishment is anywhere between two years to 30 years in prison. However, if the dollar amount of the embezzlement is less than $1000, then the sentence will be less than one year with a fine of only $1000. (Embezzlement Cases) People always are caught when it comes to greed and envy.The embezzler’s keep stealing thinking they are good enough to keep getting away with it, or maybe it is the lavish lifestyle that blinds them to the consequences. Why are the not happy with the large amount of salary that they receive as income from their careers? It is always more and more until they sit behind metal bars with nothing but a prison issued jumpsuit and a boyfriend named ‘Butch’. References Country. (n. d. ). Embezzlement Law. Law yers, Attorneys, Law Firms A– Find Legal Information. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. g. org/embezzlement. html Embezzlement Cases. (n. d. ). Defending your rights in the criminal justice system. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. defending. com/embezzlement-cases Marquet, C. (n. d. ). The Top 10 Embezzlement Cases in Modern US History. Marquet International. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from www. marquetinternational. com/pdf/top_10_embezzlement_cases_in_us_history. pdf US Code – Chapter 31: Embezzlement and theft. (n. d. ). US Code. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://codes. lp. findlaw. com/uscode/18/I/31

An analysis of Who’s for the Game? By Jessie Pope Essay

War is a highly debatable topic that has influenced many poets. An issue that is important in Jessie Pope’s 1914 poem Who’s for the game? This essay will explore a range of literary devices used within the poem to help analyse the explicit and implicit meanings. Furthermore, it will use appropriate literacy terminology to back up quotes within the poem. Additionally, this essay will analyse the structure of the poem to show how meaning is conveyed. Pope, a naive poet, speaks of a highly debatable topic known to man. However, she makes reference to the war as being a game, she suggests that it is â€Å"The biggest that’s played† though, she does not anticipate the destruction which war may bring. The poem is reliant on propaganda which relied heavily on men’s guilt. It could be seen that this encouraged men to fight and defend their county. This is shown through a literary device, a metaphor. An example being, â€Å"And who wants a seat in the stand † the use of this device prominently states that spectating the war will result in deepest regret because they are not defending their country. It could be suggested that the emphasis of the metaphor helped influence men’s participation in the war. Arguably, though Pope promotes the so called glory of war, it is seen that not protecting their country could result in an invasion. Here, Pope addresses that without soldiers at war, their country could be destroyed. Alternatively, Pope makes use of personification indicating the realism of war. She writes, â€Å"Your country is up to her neck in a fight†. Here, the poet personifies their country as a woman, implying that the war is at its most extreme. This addresses the men that their country needs them the most at this point in time. In contrast, it is clear that the implicit meaning of this literary device exposes the brutality of war, vicious and scary. Jessie Pope has written her poem in a conversational manner making â€Å"Who’s for the game?† memorable and persuasive to the readers. The poet has also made use of a metrical rhythm throughout the entire stanza’s. Furthermore, the poet has made use of rhetorical questions throughout the first three stanzas. She emphasises the word â€Å"Who†, an example being, â€Å"Who’s for the game?† Pope has used the word to present the invitation of recruitment to men. It is seen that these specific questions are without a doubt persuasive, and have encouraged men of all ages to fight  in the war. Throughout the third stanza, it can be seen that Pope has replaced aggressive words with more light hearted descriptions. She speaks of â€Å"Picnic†, a known and enjoyable experience. However, Pope has used the implicit phrase in an informal manner raising the awareness that war is difficult and unpleasant. The structure of the first stanza has a three syllable foot with the first two syllables unstressed and the third one stressed. Similarly, throughout the last three stanzas the poem misses some of the unstressed syllables but the effect of the stressed syllable is predominate. The final line â€Å"And she’s looking and calling for you† draws heavily on the promotion for recruitment. The significance of â€Å"she† refers to the war as an animal being discussed. Having analysed the literary devices, terminology and structure in Who’s for the Game? It is seen that the entire poem draws heavily on men’s guilt who want to protect their country and family, although they are afraid. Pope certainly glorifies war within this poem, thought she raises false hopes for the wrong reasons. The whole poem is justification of the brutality faced when at war.

Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Proof reading - Essay Example The repetition of the word anything is to prove that there are a lot of things can be done over there. The corruption in Congo allowed people to kill and to do what ever they want. Those people knew that there is no one to judge them. The more time Marlow spend in the Congo, the more darkness he discovered over there. Going more into my reading, I realized that Kurtz is a man the people were scared of. Another thing that was interesting in the second part was the Russian. I always wonder why the Russian was there till I realized that he was helping Kurtz. Chris Hedges' War is a Force that Gives Us Meaning: Katie Pearman What I understood from Chris Hedges â€Å"War is a force that Give Us meaning† that Hedges did not mean the physical force where someone get forced to do something. Here the meaning of the force is when we change the meaning of what we have done. Force is more close to our feeling. For example, if someone did a bad thing to me, I might have the feeling that I w ant to be bad to him. The feeling could be the thing that forced me to be bad. The same thing happened in war where the winner is the hero. If we look to what this hero did in this war, we would find that he killed, wounded, and destroyed his enemy. The people waiting for this hero to come back will make a celebration for this hero and he would be greeted for what he has done. However when you might ask those people about what this soldier has done, they will say that he has defeated the enemy, which is for them different from killing the enemy. Those people have been forced according to Hedge’s book. After reading Chris Hedges book I have changed the way I look at things. Candle Holocaust Museum It was my first time to visit a holocaust museum. During my life so far I have never thought about what the Jew felt during holocaust; I just knew that it happened. Visiting this museum was a new experience to me. When I entered I saw a lot of certificates on the wall. Most of those certificates were for Eva one of the survivor of the holocaust. One of those certificates that belong to Eva Kor who was the â€Å"HERO OF FORGIVNESS.† I could not believe that there is someone who will forgive the people who killed his family or fellow members. I believe that Eva deserved this certificate because she had controlled her anger. When I was going over the museum, I found a part for the Nazi that has the Nazi flag and picture of Hitler. The presence of the Nazi section implied that Eva did not forget, but forgave the misdeeds that she had faced. I believe the purpose of this Museum is to educate people on how to forgive others and even a sinner. If people did not forgive each other; fight and war will become a part of their life. Revenge will initiate revenge. Eva is educating people because she want people to know that we as human being shall help each other to have a successful life. Levi ch 1-5 One of the most interesting passage and really close to me was the question that was asked, â€Å"If you and your child were going to be killed tomorrow, would you not give him to eat today? (15). My answer to this questing is â€Å"I don’t know.† knowing that you will die tomorrow may make someone suffer more than actual death. In this passage there is a child, which mean parents would not only think about them self; they have a child for whom they care and it will make them suffer even more. Levi wants to show what really happened in those death camps. Also, he wants to transmit

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Personal Statement Example ing my goals; however, at the same time, I believe that academic understanding is very important, and thus, amalgamation of my strengths and academic achievements have turned me into an ambitious and successful person that dreams to contribute constructively in the future. Academically, I completed my undergraduate degree in Business Administration from Taibah University, Saudi Arabia in the year 2007 that provided me a basis to understand the foundations of business world. Subsequently, to continue my process of lifelong learning, I acquired my Masters degree in E-Commerce from Dalhousie University, Canada in the year 2010 that enhanced my knowledge regarding the business society and that will be very beneficial in playing a pivotal role in the contemporary business world. As a follower of lifelong learning process, my fervor, and aspiration for education and learning does not stops here that have enabled me to apply for a PhD in E-Commerce that will facilitate me in acquiring a challenging position to make some constructive alterations in the business society on global level. Moreover, I have carried out detailed research regarding the business profession & I enormously admire it due to the way the field is making positive changes in so many live globally. In addition, I consider your academic institution as one of the most reputable institutions after acquiring information about faculty and highly academic environment that will facilitate me in achieving my goals effectively. Finally, with the much success and pledge to achieve more, it is my belief that this PhD degree will be my own way of contributing to the development of my society and the whole

Supply Chain Management and Logistics Assignment

Supply Chain Management and Logistics - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that Toyota should adopt Omni-channel systems by focusing to change organization, which is the execution of developments relating to heightening delivery. The way to go is Omni-channel configuration, which is propelling impact of having attributes and information open over all channels. Organization incorporates leveraging customer experience chances, process upgrades.This paper stresses that one explanation behind changing supply chains are new circulation methodologies, which are controlled by expanding client administration desires, developed business sector scope, immediate channel structures, long haul channel connections, and developing gainfulness, stabilization, and vindication. Directors should unequivocally characterize the aspects and necessities of any key organization. Exact methods and guidelines must be created with the goal, control, and consistency of yield increment across all the departments. Moreover, supervisors have to play their part by instilling trust and responsibility among employees through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) codes.  Toyota is a multibillion-dollar company that manufactures and supplies motor vehicles. They have a supply chain management categorized under operational and strategic. They use Strategic decisions for choices over a longer period horizon.  Production decisions are made based on the products to be produced and the various production centers, allocation of various suppliers to production plants, and to customer markets.

Law HW week 4 TL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law HW week 4 TL - Essay Example were â€Å"reasonably necessary† to achieve the City’s intended public use and (2) that the takings were for â€Å"reasonably foreseeable needs.†Ã‚   Milo’s Crossing is an economically depressed neighborhood. The awareness of the depressed economic condition and the evidence collaborating this concern constitutes that it is â€Å"reasonably necessary† to have a redevelopment plan to help improve the economic condition. Under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, the redevelopment plans are qualified as permissible â€Å"public use† due to the benefits enjoyed from the economic growth. It is ruled that use of eminent domain for economic development will not violate public use clauses of the state and federal constitutions if the economic project creates new jobs, increases tax revenue and revitalizes a depressed urban area. The seizure of the properties promises 3,169 new jobs and $1.2 million tax revenues per year thus making the taking of the land valid and constitutional. The decision of the interpretation of â€Å"public use† has also been interpreted by the Supreme Court as â€Å"public purpose† in the case of Midkiff (467 U.S. 229) and other cases involving eminent

Bank of America Part III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Bank of America Part III - Essay Example This research aims to evaluate and present two major objectives of Bank of America Corporation. There are first, to rebalance as well as realign the organization so as to provide their clients with the most exclusive and finest financial services, and second, to reinforce their balance sheet as well as capital situation to generate the appropriate conditions for continuing shareholder value augmentation. The vision of BAC is to develop into the best financial services organization in the world. The management of BAC believes that the accomplishment of this vision can be assessed by their clients, their human resources and their shareholders. BAC’s management considers that they would succeed in attaining the vision of the organization when they would be able to preserve the faith and confidence of their clients, customers, staffs, shareholders as well as policymakers. The core principals of Bank of America Corporation are to bring value for their shareholders in addition to th eir customers and clients, retain faith and confidence in their team, hold on to the power of their human resources, endorse opportunities and act sensibly. BAC caters the financial needs of three main groups of customers, viz. individual consumers, companies and institutional investors. The management of BAC recognizes that their decisions and measures can impact the lives of many individuals and hence they consider themselves liable for regimented risk management and for operating in the appropriate way. With the dynamically changing economic and market conditions, the management of BAC is attempting to bring about a change in their organizational culture. They had moved from acquiring franchise to the efficient operation and management of the franchise. BAC was earlier positioned as a commercial bank focused on the US; however they had repositioned

Greek Myths and English Language Essay Example for Free

Greek Myths and English Language Essay Abstract: Do you know Achilles Heel? Its an allusion from Greek myths. Instances like this are not difficult to find in English language. They are terse and vivid because of Greek myths and legends behind them. Therefore, they enjoy popular use. But these words and phrases are peculiar to the native culture and language, they appear exotic to foreign learners. So lets share some words and idioms which are relevant to Greek myths in view of knowing the ins and outs of them and understanding how to apply them. In the meanwhile, they can help you understand English history and English culture more thoroughly and deep and taste the wisdom and humor of the English people. Key words: relationship, Greek myths, English language, English idioms  Once the Republican supporter made comments on Clintons scandal, A misbehaving president is regarded as a governments Achilles heel and is expected to resign.  What is Achilles heel? If you dont know it, you will not understand the meaning of the supporters comments. The idiom means the weak or vulnerable point of a person, organization and country, etc. which comes from Greek myths. The story is about Achilles, one of the Greek heroes in the Iliad. When he was a child, he was taken by his mother Thetis and dipped in the river Styx to make him invulnerable. The water washed every part of his body expect the heel in his mothers hand. It was precisely at his vulnerable point that Achilles was later killed in Trojan battle. Greek mythology is a set of legends about the gods, heroes, natural events and universal history of Hellenic civilization. The myths of Greece mostly come from Hellenic literature such as Homers Iliad, Hesiods Theogony and Sophocles drama. From the Renaissance to now, Greek Myths is one of their required courses when the English people receive classical education. These stories and myths are so enjoyable that they impress themselves upon the English. Therefore the myths of Greece become the abundant supply of English language. Lets take Europe for instance. Sometimes it is also called Europa, which originally comes from Greek Mythology. In it, Europa is a princess who is abducted and carried off by a white bull to Crete, the cradle of Hellenic civilization. And the bull is actually Zeus, king of the Gods. In the same way, Paris is a persons name also from Greek myths. Paris is the son of the King of Troy. These two are place names. And the main characters from Greek mythology also appear in everyday speech. For instance, a huge or heroic task is said to herculean. This is in tribute to the Greek mythological hero Hercules. And when you talk about a book of maps, atlas will occur to you. It is named after Atlas, a titan who supported the heavens on his shoulders. Heres one you are probably familiar with it. Its the word promethean which describes a daringly creative or defiantly original act, because of the Titan Prometheus, who defied the wrath of Zeus and stole fire in order to benefit humankind. And another word you may have used before without realizing your debt to Greek mythology. The word panic comes from Pan, the God of shepherds. Pan was always considered to be the cause of the sudden fear especially in lonely places. Thats why its called panic. Then more attention will be paid to the relationship between Greek myths and English idioms. Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are loaded with the native cultures and ideas. Therefore, there are a great deal of idioms are relevant to the myths of Greece. And these idioms are not easy to understand from its literal meanings, for example, Greek gift. Does it mean a gift made in Greece? Of course not, it symbolizes a dangerous gift. But as they are colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive, they form an important part of the English vocabulary and are now used in different situations. So I will share some of them with you in view of giving you the background of them. As defined by famous psychologist Sigmund Freud, Oedipus complex is the unconscious desire of a young child for sexual intercourse with the parent of the opposite sex, especially between boys and their mothers. The source of this complex is from the Greek legend of King Oedipus. Oedipus was the son of King Laius of Thebes, a city in Greece. There was a Apollos oracle predicted that he would killed his father and marry his mother. So when he was born his father Laius bound his feet together and had exposed him on a lonely mountaintop where it must soon starve. Then the poor infant was rescued by a shepherd and raised by Polybus, King of Corinth. And he was called Oedipus. Years later, Oedipus, too, like Laius, thought to make it impossible for the oracle to come true and resolved never to see Polybus. But on his journey he unwittingly killed King Laius with whom he quarreled. He arrived at Thebes shortly thereafter and saved the city from the ravages of the Sphinx. He was proclaimed king in Laius stead, and he took the dead kings widow, Jocasta, as his own wife. After several years a terrible plague struck Thebes. The Apollo declared that the plague would be stayed upon one condition: whoever had murdered King Laius must be punished. In the course of his investigation, Oedipus discovered that he himself was the killer and that Laius had been his real father. Finally he couldnt act against the decrees of fate. In his despair at this discovery, Oedipus blinded himself. Girls have a similar sexual desire for the father which is repressed in analogous fashion and is called Electra complex. It also comes from Greek mythology. Electra is the daughter of Agamemnon, the king who led the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War. To obtain favorable winds for the Greek fleet sailing to Troy, Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to the goddess Artemis and so came under a curse. After he returned home victorious, he was murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover. To avenge his fathers death, Electra helped her brother kill their mother and her lover. The allusion also comes from the Greek legend of King Oedipus. The Sphinx is winged monster having the head and breasts of a woman and body of a lion. She lay in wait for the wayfarers along the roads to Thebes and whoever she seized she put a riddle to, telling him if he could answer it, she would let him go. No one could, and the horrible creature devoured man after man until the city was in a state of siege. And at that time, Oedipus heard what was happening in Thebes in his lonely wanderings. He was a homeless, friendless man to whom life meant little and he determined to seek the Sphinx out and try to solve the riddle. What creature, the Sphinx asked him, goes on four feet in the morning, on two at noonday, on three in the evening? Man, answered Oedipus. In childhood he creeps on hands and feet; in manhood he walks erect; in old age he helps himself with a staff. It was the right answer. The Sphinx, inexplicable, but most fortunately, killed herself. The Thebans were saved. It is so called Sphinxs riddle which means difficult problems. And Sphinx is also used to describe an enigmatic person. The following are a few examples in actual uses.

Differences Between Leadership And Management Management Essay

Differences Between Leadership And Management Management Essay 2.1 Introduction The aim of this chapter is to provide the brief overview of management, leadership and the differences between leadership and management. How these concepts work in any organisation and to elaborate the notion transformational leadership? This objective of this chapter is to focus on business leadership rather than a political leadership, military leadership and religious leadership and illustrate exhaustive treatment of this topic. 2.2 The Differences between Leadership and Management 2.2.1 Management In 1980, the organisational leadership has no difference between the leading and managing any organisation. Any person who has leading post in an organisation is a leader. A person who holds power and authority is a leader. It was different and novel idea that leadership and management have different approaches and different role, behaviour and responsibilities (Hernez-Broome and Hughes, 2007). There are many literatures those differentiate between leadership and management but they dont give you any clear understanding e.g. Bartol and Martin (1994), Bennis and Nanus (1985), Kotter (1982), Locke (1991), and Schein (1985) were those unable to draw a clear understand between leadership and management. They even did not provide any clear distinction between these concepts. There is no particular line of differentiate (Centre for Labour Market studies) (CLMS), 2009. Management is consisting of planning, organising, staffing, budgeting, co-ordinating and reporting and directing and known as an acronym POSDCORB (CLMS) 2009. All these heads come under management. However, management classifies as scientific concept. It is also argued that management is an art to thing get done through people. These are the priorities of the management to do all things in time efficiently. If we see in the above mentioned perspective management is about guiding, instructing, influencing, persuading and other skills related to the behavioural skill through different processes. Pedler et al. (1994), and Quinn et al. (1996), suggest that the nature of work is complex in the modern global environment and it is hard to have rare qualities of self awareness, self motivation and self knowledge, but it is important to have all these qualities for better and reliable management. These qualities nourish the management. These are the qualities which persuade the employees to the better work environment and can make organisation profitable. In addition, Quinn (1996) link modern management role with: develop the skills and abilities in subordinates of vision, creative thinking and positive change in the organisation. These also make subordinates innovative and knowledge sharing individuals, not just this many other positive changes as well. 2.2.2 Leadership Leadership is also difficult to define; it is not easy to give assumption or qualities which can anyone leader. Because leadership qualities vary according to the situation there is not fixed or planned situation for any person where he can show his leadership qualities that is why definition varies and depending upon the purpose of the author, as Stogdill(cites in Yukl, pp 251-289) observed there are almost many definitions of leadership as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept. There many concepts but three concept to be consider the fundamental concepts of leaderships are vision, inspiration and followers. But these concepts are the outside the boundary of the management. Management does not match these concepts (Burmeister, 2003). On the basis of these concepts we might be able to differentiate between leadership and management. Yukl (2008) attempts to justify and clarify the leaders role in an organisation and explaining the persuasive vision is tough at his best and leader does not lend itself to the management process. He makes and implements policies for the management to achieve the quantitative objective. Management does have the mission for the organization but does not have the dynamic vision which leader has. Leaders think beyond the boundary and their visions are impressive and more grip able. May be is not compelling argument that managers are unab;le to communicate or they think in a specified frame of mind. Maccoby (2000) described an interesting and useful factor which is helpful to differentiate between leaders and managers this point highlighted the difference between strategic leaders and operational leaders. He argued that the strategic leaders dream of the company in future and make the optimal use of all resources to get maximum output, while the role of the operational leaders to implement the vision. This might be the good categorisation to understand the difference between leadership and management. Regarding inspiration, Yukl (1998) stated that such this approach appeal to stimulus and linking to a persons proposal to understand the needs, values, hopes and ides of individual. According to Burmeister (2003) this type of approach is very different from the standard approaches like orders, logical arguments and other approaches which most of the mangers use. On the other hand, we can say that managers are unable to use their interpersonal skills; they can influence people to do any actions. So we can say most of the managers follow directive approach rather than the participative approach. Durcan and Kirbbride (1994) in the direct contrast suggestions that participative approach is mostly and widely practised, especially in US and other Anglo nations2, there are challenges to this notion that manager can be stereotype as directive and order givers. Even in Yukls (1998) managers are unable to influence on emotional level inspirational motivation (Bass 1995) is main objective of a leader. All these ideas tell us that leaders do not employ rational logic as a primary stimulus tool. This is the most crucial distinction which can be made between followers and subordinates. Subordinates are bound to follow the instructions but the followers are the influenced and inspired individuals. The term subordinates is used to determine the activities of a individual, who is directed by a supervisor (Bermiester 2003) 2 Anglo cultures include the U.K, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (Hofstede, 1980) Yukl (1981) emphasize that leadership is a process whereby intentional influence (power) put on the followers by leaders; so the source to influence others will be discussed in chapter after. The Use of Power and Influence Subordinates and Followers The power and influence which leader use on their followers and manager use on their subordinates? French and Ravens (Gerloff, 1985) to list the following five point which can draw the power and influence on others. Coercive Power: This power comes from the reaction. If you are expecting something else and you get unrespectable or you can say your power to punish someone. Legitimate Power: Legitimate power comes from your rank or designation which you have. As big your position in any organisation same bigger would be your legitimate power. As power increase your responsibilities increase as well. Referent Power: This power you have if you are the boss or your personality is charismatic. This based on persons attractiveness and friendship with others. Reward Power: This power based on access to reward. People love that person how has this power because they want reward and power holder can offer this. Expert Power: This power comes from your knowledge, expertise, competence and information in particular field. Other people know that you have this power and they believe the power holders knowledge. Abstractly, the authority give an individual a power in any organisation called legitimate power; this power uses to control all the matter which needs to be solved from subordinates on a workplace. Legitimate power which establishes the relationship between the supervisor to subordinate and these ideas can easily clarify the difference between leader and manager. Furthermore, the legitimate power holder has also the reward and coercive power which is given by the organisation. (Bermiester, 2003). On the other hand, expert and referent powers are the ability of an individuals expertise, knowledge and their relations which he has with other individuals. He built all these quality by his own effort rather than he had any position in any organisation (David, Schoorman, and Donaldson 1997). Burmeister (2003) argues that the expert and referent power can create the relationship of follower to leader this relation would be based on acceptance and commitment, rather than a relation in legitimate power of a supervisor and subordinate where problems and resistance occur. It is also suggested that leadership conferred on person or a group or possibly a person of group. Therefore, leadership can be exercised on group of people which may not have the quality of a leader. This effort may be able to generate the leaders as a particular field of business. Furthermore, the vision, inspiration, follower, and some authors included goals are those qualities which leader should have. As Shackletons described in his definition; .leadership is a process in which an individual influences other group members towards the attainment of group or organisational goals. In this definition, three main component pointed out which Shacklton believes are the main and fundamental to leadership; existence of group, influence, goals, and set of goals which should be achieved under through proper channel. Other writer like Bartol and Martin (1994) define that how the leader influences the work of people to get the organisational goals. it is also noted that leader of any organisation influence the worker of organisation positively towards the achievement of goals banefully. There is possibility that leader can influence the people negatively which can be inappropriate toward the goal achievements. Sometimes they influence negatively to get achieve their personal goals which is totally unethical. In these words it is been tried to discuss the positive factors of leadership, controversial issues, and also tried to discuss the ethical problems also which can be faced. These are some issues which can be faced by any organisation from their leadership and there is a need to address all these issues. 2.2.4 Summary of Debate Even though many writers used the term leader and manger exchange ably (CLMS 1999), Shackleton (1995) argued there is no automatic link between these terms leader and manager because the managerial core function are planning, organising, scheduling, etc but these will not necessarily be the part of leadership qualities (CLMS, 1999). Other writers like Lcoke (1991), and Yukl (1998), suggests that leaders leader are those who make the vision for any organisation and the managers are those who implement that vision. However, this implies that leaders is not common it only exists only at the executive level and assumes a limited range process or role derives for mangers none of these theories, methods and concepts is helpful by the preceding decisions and analysis, Bennis and Nanus (cited in Shackleton, 1995:4) provide the neat distinction and leadership is path finding and doing the right things while management is path following and doing things right, but Maccoby (200) described a more useful difference between management and leadership which clarify the difference; he stated: Management is a function that must be exercised in any business, whereas leadership is a relationship between leader and led that can energise an organisation. 2.3 Transactional and Transformational Leadership Schein (1985) argued that a function of leadership which is major factor to contrast from management, it is creation of management and innovation and many dynamic organisational changes and dynamic organisational culture which accept every change. The main role of a leader is a change agent which is responsible for creation and the management of vision, and motivates the employees towards the organisational goals achievement. If we say this could be most important quality which a leader should have that is vision? This is most important theory of Leadership and which are overall known as New Leadership (Gronn 1995). Charismatic Leadership (Conger, 1989, Conger and Kanungo, 1988), Visionary Leadership (Sashkin, 1998) Servant Leadership (Greenleaf, 1977, 1996; Spears, 1998), and Transformational Leadership (Bass, 1985, Tichy and Devanna 1986) Transactional leadership is the major and vital factor which develops has scholarly quality in the leadership (Bryman 1992). To understand this concept more properly we would discuss transactional and transformational leadership in depth in following section. 2.3.1 Overview The historian James MacGregor Burns (1978) mentioned first time in his book Leadership the concepts and theories of transactional and transformational leadership (Humphreys and Einstein 2003), initially, his interest was preliminary political leadership, this term got popularity in political authorities and organisational management circles. Bernard Bass (1985) Burns explained the broader range of transactional and transformational leadership and furthers their behaviour towards organisation and the effectiveness of behaviour. In addition, Bass (1985) was not satisfied with Burns model and he challenged the model, he made assumption that transactional and transformational leader were mutually exclusive. While, Burn (1978) said that a leader could be once either transactional or transformational. But Bass (1985) argued that transformational leadership is a complement to the transactional leadership rather than a substitute. How does leader use these qualities and take out the organisation beyond the boundaries. 2.3.2 Transactional Leadership Transactional leader works under a specified environment and there is proper and clear structure of work and it also clear what is does he expect from their subordinates. What would be exchange between them and what reward they will be awarded? The initial stage of transactional leader is to discuss all the related matter with subordinates which need to be discusses before to start any work. Transactional leader allocates the work to the relevant person after that they are responsible to get the things done in time. Transactional leaders main responsibilities are the things get done in time, fulfilment of every requirement, any advancement if required and the reward to encourage people. You can ideally, these is decision between leader and follower that are u want reward or punishment (Bass, 1985; Daft, 1999). Even though, the transactional leadership is an effective approach. There is no emotional relationship between the leader and followers and also no commitment, no personal development not any other social relation (Podsakoff at el 2003). There is a transactional relation between the leader and follower. The person who holds the power gives orders to their employees or followers to get things done. So we can say simply the main focus of transactional leadership is get thing done. In addition, Bass (1990) also warned that the transformational leadership can be a prescription for mediocrity. He also defends that leadership emphasise on massive output and to reduce the shortfalls and they mostly relies on passive management. The performance and the efficiency of the transactional leadership governed that how they are controlling the rewards and penalties, because these are main objectives of a leader. We can also notice that the followers want rewards or they have any kind of penalty fear. Yukl (1989) also argue that when any leader manipulates their followers through reward and punishment, he is not a leader in real sense. In the above mentioned scenario, when a leader uses legitimate, reward and coercive power to handle their followers, it is look more common to the management rather than the leadership. Apparently, there is not a major difference between leadership and management. 2.3.3 Transformational Leadership On the other hand, Burns (1978) argued that the transformational leaders have different types of relation, duties and objective according to diverse environment but the political leaders, they engage with their followers through their involvement, emotions, trust, commitments and their identifications. Bass (1985) elaborate that, in the organisation the transformational leadership occurs when the leaders mission, vision and the development ideas matches with the followers for the boom of any organisation and also provide resources for the personal development as well (Bass 1985, Avolio 1994). Transformational leadership is a method or process where the both followers and leaders move their self towards the process of development with the standard level of trust and motivation. In Transformation leadership the relation is based on fairness, justice innovation, motivation, equality and integrity and Burns (1978) called them end values. End values are those which cannot be negotiate and exchange between leader and followers on transactional basis. This shows that transformational leaders most commonly work for social and ethical manners. The transformational leaders do not manipulate results through deception and conditional reinforcement (Bass 1997). The followers response totally in free given environment and do not want any return in transactional leadership (Mullin, 1992). After expressing all these standards, the transactional leader unites their followers and the most important they can potentially change the goals, objectives and beliefs of their followers (Humphreys and Einstein, 2003). Bass (1995) asserts that transformational leadership, followers work beyond exception because of the leaders influence. According to Bass (1985), transactional leaders achieve all this by using the combination of behaviour, which are known as the four Is of the transformational leadership (Avolio et al, 1991) Idealised Influence (Charisma) Inspirational Leadership Intellectual Simulation; and Individualised Consideration Charisma seems to be a necessary element but it is not enough for the transformational leadership. Attaining the Charisma in the eyes of followers is considered as central to succeeding as a transformational leader (Bass 1990). The behaviours which are linked with the charismatic leadership need to be explained more detail now. Especially, House and Shamir (1993) argued in charismatic leadership there is degree of confidence and articulation. In this way leaders work through high admirable, ideological, classical moral values and communication and high performance. They keep followers in a systematic and highly manageable relation. They linked in a very persuasive and less stress able environment. They also guide to followers towards denigrate their opponents (e.g. competitors). The leader has very clear set of goals for their followers to become a role model (Gardner and Avolio, 1998). Emphasising value and collective identification, taking extraordinary risks, and making substantia l personal sacrifices in the interest of the charismatic mission are also behaviours associated with charismatic leadership (House and Shamir, 1993). For the growth of any business we need inspired and motivated work force. Inspiration is associated with charismatic leaders; these leaders are able to excite their followers and can carry out great feats with extra efforts (Bass, 1990). There are some qualities which a inspirational leader should have to inspire any workforce, these qualities can be strong planner, lateral thinker, grip on vision and communication, principled and disciplined. Although inspirational leadership was initially subsumed by charisma (Bass, 1985). It is been separated there should be higher level of motivation among followers which occurs in the start from charismatic leadership, before being combined again from the charismatic-inspirational dimension (Avolio, 1994, Bass, 1998). Therefore, it is observed that charisma is necessary and major quality of inspirational leadership. But on other hand, Bass (1990) also discussed that some leaders may have charisma but they do not have inspirational quality to affect their followers. Charisma is necessary but not sufficient for the transformational leadership. Collins (2001) in his book Good to Great discussed about the successful executive (level 5) leaders, they were those who were modest and humble, without inspiring personalities. However, Collin recognises that these leaders had inspired standards. These standards with goals, objectives, trust that influence the followers through high performance, took risk which considered being extraordinary and this sacrifice made organisation exceptional. There is a possibility that the |Collins leader may not have the quality of persuasive communication, nevertheless they can possess the charismatic qualities. According to Tichy and Ullrich (1984) the transformational leader are who can convert a bankrupt company to profitable company. Transformational leaders are those who can bring any positive change in the organisation. As many other things are linked with transformational leader same as intellectual simulation, Bass (1985) considered this as the third factor of which is associated with transformational leadership by the promotion of intelligence, rationality, logical thinking and careful problem solving. A leader which is equipped with the quality of intellectual simulation has capability to show their follower the new way for the problems solution and would involve followers in problem solving (Avolio et al, 1988). Bass (1990) also believe that such type of leaders are tolerant and for the followers mistake and open new ideas for them. Bass (1985) the fourth dimension or factor of a transactional leader is individualised consideration. This identifies the role of a leader the role which a transformational leader plays for the developing followers, pay full attention to their needs towards their achievement and benefits. A transformational leaders struggle hard to create new opportunities for their developing followers and act as a coach and mentor for the development of an individual (Bass 1990). Under this dimension, Boehnke et al. (2003) emphasise the importance of entrust challenging and interesting tasks to followers to promote them and their development as well. Kuhnert (1994) further added that delegating authority is a necessary component when delegating tasks, it is a way to enable individuals to get educated from the decision making process. Collins (2001) also suggested that the real effective leaders who pay particular attention to the development of their followers as a necessary requirement for supporting continued organisational success after they leave. Regarding these last two aspects of transformational leadership, Bass concurs that intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration are not entirely charismatic in nature (Smith et al. 2004). In recent times, there has been interest in the concept of emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1995), and how it links to transformational leadership. This topic is explored in the following section. 2.3.4 Transformational Leadership and Emotional Leadership Goleman (1998) has strongly argued that is a requirement for the successful leadership and goes so far as to describe emotional intelligence as the sine qua non of leadership. Golemans (1998) components of emotional intelligence at work at work are described in table 2.1 on the following page. Table 2.1: The five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work Component Definition Hallmarks Self Awareness The ability to recognise and understand owns moods, emotions, and drivers, as well as their effect on others. Self-confidence. Realistic self assessment. Self-deprecating sense of humour Self Regulation The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods. The propensity to suspend judgement to think before acting. Trustworthiness and integrity. Comfort with ambiguity. Openness to change. Motivation A passion to work for reason that goes beyond money or status. A propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence. Strong drives to achieve. Optimism even in the face of failure. Organisational commitment. Empathy The ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people. Skill in treating people according to their emotional reactions. Expertise in building and retaining talent. Cross-cultural sensitivity. Service to client and customers. Social Skill Proficiency in managing relationships and building networks. An ability to find common ground and build rapport. Effectiveness in leading change. Persuasiveness. Expertise in building and leading teams. (Source: Goleman, 1998) Barling et al. (2002) declare that there are many reasons why individuals high in emotional intelligence and they are more likely to use transformational leadership behaviour. The main and first step a leader who has ability to manage their own emotions and who shows self control and hold-up enjoyment which could serve as a role model for the followers. In that way, enhancing followers belief and respect their leader; this would be dependable with the spirit of idealised influence (Barling et al., 2000). Secondly, it focuses on the understanding ok others emotions, leaders with high emotions intelligence would preferably placed to realise the extent to which followers expectations raised, that is major feature of inspirational motivation (Barling et al., 2000). Third and major element of individualises consideration is the quality to understand followers needs and cooperate accordingly. To put more focus on empathy and ability to manage relationships positively, leaders are apparent towards emotional intelligence and they would likely to apparent individualised consideration (Barling et al., 2000). Barling et al. (2000) were able to provide experimental good reason for this position. And this was further imposed by Palmers (2001) research which have found similar correlation, 2.3.5 Transformational Leadership: Controversial Issues It is proven that charisma is regarded as a necessary quality for transformational leadership to occur, this implies that Basss third and fourth dimensions are not transformational in and of themselves, by his own definition. Some other questions which comes in existence when charismatic dimension analysed closely. For instance, because charisma is not an only the characteristic of transformational leaders but this is an additional factor which distinguish leaders from managers (Zaleznik, 1977), then there is possibility exists that the transformational and transactional typology communicate to nothing more than the distinction between work leaders and managers (Gronn, 1995). Furthermore, to the core build of the transformational leadership model, Gronn (1995) and other observer, like as Keeley (1995), and Lakomski (1995), have putted in to question its legitimacy, ethical applicability and experimental toughness. In terms of legitimacy of transformational leadership concept, Gronn (1995) emphasize that the transformational leader model described by Bass and his believers revive that leader is a type of hero or a great leader. He assert that these is no more than a tenuous casual connection between the exercise of a transformational leadership and desired organisational outcomes, such as performance effectiveness, and claims that what little empirical evidence exists derives from an extraordinary narrow methodological base (Gronn, 1995) 2.4 Development of Leadership in the Global Business Priority In the contribution of the 1996 collection of paper on leadership; the Leader of the Future, Bolt remarks; at the same time leadership is very vital for any organisation and there is no one to lead the organization because of the shortage of leadership. Drucker States: the lessons are unambiguous. The first is that there may be born leader, but there are surely too few to depend on them. To support this argument, approximately 75 percent (500) firms Gregersen et al. (1998) surveyed and did not think that they have an enough number of effective leaders (see also Brake, 1997). If we consult from DDI Leadership Forecast 2008/2009 than we can understand how much improvement is needed to develop the leadership in any organisation? The research shows that from 76 countries of the world 1,493 HR professional and 12,208 leaders participated in this survey. This summary shows us the short fall of leaders all over the world. The DDI Leadership forecast also shows that only 41 percent leaders are agree that the organisations are helping them to enhance leadership capabilities. Most of the organisation have been failed to provide chance to improve. Harvey et al, (1999) argued that there would be great competition for competent leadership in organisations in future, and this position is reinforced by the DDI leadership forecast 2008/2009. The leadership forecast indicated that the qualified leadership is becoming more and more difficult day by day. Iles (2001) sees improvement in the three major fields which need the Leadership improvement in the organisation. The increasing importance of HRM The increasing importance of knowledge and knowledge management. Changes in careers and career development. 2.4.1 The Increasing Importance of HRM The HRM is mostly view on the basis of competitive advantage basis Storey (1989) specifically focused on the gaining of employees commitment. He stated that the main factors of HRM (the deployment of human resources, evaluation of performance and reward etc.) as we discussed the earlier the legitimate, reward, coercive power to obtain compliance were mentioned are management techniques and these are the characteristics of transactional leadership. On the other hand, it was also argued that the expert and referent power could leader and follower relationship. Firms are using commitment oriented practice to gain competitive advantages, which further described how the attention of people is led (Iles, 2001). This shows that modern leadership competencies based on the more likely on the interaction (to gain commitment) rather than commanding and controlling (to gain compliance) (McGregor et al, 2004), and to implement transformational leadership rather than transactional leadership in the organisation. Stoerys (1989) described the types of HRM as hard and soft. These approaches linked with transactional and transformational styles of leadership. HRM which comes under the hard types of HRM mostly focus on the specific defined policies and procedure. These policies are cost effectiveness, lean production and use of labour. Legge (1995) called this a utilitarian instrumentalism in the relationship with employees. Transactional leadership considered as a utilitarian in nature and hard HRM practises associated with the transactional leadership (Bass, 1990). Conversely, the soft HRM is considered as development humanism (Legge, 1995) in this approach individuals integrated into work processes under such values trust, commitments and to communicate with each other. Therefore, the transactional le